The Brain is who we are. Everything we sense, feel, think and perceive - occurs in the brain.

About Neuron (Brain Cell), Synapse, Cerebral Cortex and a part of it called the DorsoLateral Prefrontal Cortex

1

NEURON (the nerve cell, the basic sub-unit of the brain)

The brain is made up of 86 billion neurons, which use energy to process information about perceptions, sensations, emotion & thinking. Neurons come in different shapes and sizes depending on their location and function.

2

The Synapse (the location of connection between two nerve cells)

Just as people connect and communicate, Neurons in the brain connect and communicate at a special structure called the synapse. This is where the ending of one meets the beginning of the other.

At the tip of the neuron, a special structure called Terminal Button has channels which are sensitive to electrical changes. When the neuron fires an action potential (electrical signal), these channels respond by allowing calcium into the cell which causes release of neurotransmitter (chemical signal). 

Between the two neurons there is a space called the synaptic cleft. Across this small space, neurotransmitters which have been released then diffuse, bind and result in a small change of electric current on the other neuron. This other neuron (Post synaptic neuron) experiences electrical changes called EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) or IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential). In certain conditions, activity at this critical place is under active, this can result in reduced efficiency of brain function and different symptoms depending on the location of the malfunction.

"The Synapse Revealed", First Prize National Science Foundation Science Visualization Challenge (Graham Johnson 2005) permission pending

3

Brain

There are many parts of the brain, but for our purposes, the most important is the Cerebral Cortex.

80% of the brain cells are in the Cerebral Cortex. 

It is the large, wrinkled structure that takes up most of the area in the skull.

Side view of the Left Cerebral Cortex

The four lobes of the brain that can be seen from the external surface are 1) Occipital Lobe (vision), 2) Parietal Lobe (sensation & spacial perception) 3) Temporal Lobe (Hearing, Understanding, Identification & Naming) 4) Frontal Lobe (Movement, Expression, Planning, Personality, Self Control & Executive Function). 

The Frontal Lobe

The largest lobe of the cerebral cortex is the Frontal Lobe. It is the part of the brain that controls Attention, Movement, Personality & Thinking (along with other parts of the frontal circuits).

People who have had strokes in the Left Frontal Lobe often experience Depression 60-80%) (Robinson 1997). People who have had strokes in the Right Frontal Lobe rarely experience Depression (2-5%) (Robinson 1997). People who are depressed, often have lower frontal lobe activity. Without good frontal lobe function, people have difficulty with (working) memory, getting things organized, starting activities, paying attention, seeing the "big picture" and connecting with others in a socially appropriate way. 

Parts of Prefrontal Cortex:

DLPFC Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (BA9,46) (Executive Function, Self Control, WM)

Frontal Pole (BA10) (Higher function, hierarchical context, narrative)

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (BA32,24) (Feelings, pain, motivation, self monitoring)

OrbitoFrontal Cortex (BA11) (sensory hub, choice: eat?/not, good/bad & expectation)

Subgenual Cortex (BA25) (Thought/feeling interface? Sleep, Appetite, XS in depression)

Broca’s Area (BA44,45) Expressive Language (talking)

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)

One part of the frontal lobe is worthy of our attention. The most recently evolved and last to develop in adulthood (age 20-24) is the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC). This part of the brain does not receive sensory information from the eyes or the ears, and it does not send motor commands to the muscles. It is the Association cortex that bridges the input and output. This is the part of the brain involved with pausing and choosing actions (Fuster 1990), holding infomation in mind aka Working Memory, (Goldman-Rakic 2006) planning and action sequencing. 

Injury or lack of development of this area causes problems with Working Memory, Sequencing, Flexibility, Self Control, Attention & Executive Function. 

It is this part of the brain that is targeted for stimulation in rTMS.

By stimulating this area of the brain, depressive symptoms improve. This area was chosen because of the connections it makes with two deeper areas 1) Subgenual Cortex (BA25). Subgenual Cortex hyperactivity has been associated with depression (Mayberg et al., 1999, Drevets 1997). The subgenual region is strongly linked to the Ventral Striatum (Nucleus Accumbens) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). By stimulating DLPFC, Subgenual Cortex is inhibited which leads to mood improvement, return of interest and pleasure, better sleep and especially better concentration, memory and thinking. 

This part of the brain has fascinated me for more than 20 years, when it was chosen as the target for rTMS stimulation treatment it felt very validating. Don't believe me? try these URLs, www.dorsolateral.com, www.DLPFC.com :-)

Executive Function is the major role of DLPFC. It is Important, Very Important:

E = S + WM + Cf

The most important elements of Executive Function are:

Self-control: the aspect of inhibitory control that involves resisting temptations and not acting impulsively or prematurely

Working memory (WM): holding information in mind and mentally working with it (e.g., relating one thing to another, using information to solve a problem)

Cognitive flexibility: changing perspectives or approaches to a problem, flexibly adjusting to new demands, rules, or priorities (as in switching between tasks)

Self control

Self control involves being able to control attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions and somehow not submit to a strong internal urge or temptation, and instead do what’s more appropriate and consistent with long term interests. If we don't develop and use inhibitory control we are controlled by impulses and habits.

So, inhibitory control makes it possible for us to change our behavior, break habits, and to choose how we respond instead of being controlled by our short term feelings and thoughts. 

Our behavior is mostly reflexive: we see this, we think that, someone says this, we do that. But having the skill of self control lets us be aware of our feelings and thoughts without being ruled by them. This takes pause. Inhibition is essentially a form of pause. And this is what the DLPFC does. there is one kind of brain cell in the DLPFC that fires in response to what just happened and another, which fires about what the current choice that could happen next. The learned ability to pause between one and the other let’s us think about what we are about to do, to deliberate. This is the way that we exert delayed gratification. 

The idea of delayed Gratification emerged from the Stanford Marshmallow experiment by Walter Mischel. His group of researchers was trying to understand if and how preschool childrenresisted temptation. They gave a group of four year old children this choice: either eat one marshmallow now, or if they could wait about 15 minutes, get two marshmallows. Some kids could not resist the impulseand ate the marshmallow, but others could delay gratification and win two marshmallows. Mischel interviewed the children when they grew into teenagers and adults. He found some important and consistent patterns. The four year olds who could and would wait, were doing much better later in life. They had better grades, more friends, scored higher on the SAT, had better social skills, self-confidence and self-esteem, were more mature, coped with stress better, had more of a tendency to plan ahead, and were more likely to think about decisions instead of acting on impulse. They also had fewer behavioral problems, were more likely to follow rules instead of breaking them and less likely to be hyperactive. By the time they grew into adults, there was no question of the importance of this skill. Those kids who could wait, were less likely to have alcohol or drug problems, and had more job and relationship satisfaction.

When the DLPFC is not working, or has not been trained, there is usually a self control problem. When this part of the brain is stimulated and strengthened, problems of self control are replaced with successes of self control.

Working Memory

Working Memory (WM) is what lets us hold information in our mind and work with abstract concepts (Baddeley & Hitch 1994, Smith & Jonides 1999). The two kinds of WM are Verbal (words) and Spatial (the relationship of objects in space). WM is required for understanding what happens over time and seeing how things fit together. When we have good WM we ‘get’ the connections between events in past present and future, cause and effect and discerning what things mean. DLPFC is located in front and above the Language Area (Broca’s) which is required for coherent and fluent expression. the two areas cooperate, and DLPFC allows other brain areas to have space to combine, compare and contrast. WM is needed also for attaining goals by organizing sequences of actions to get from beginning, through the middle and achieve completion. Connecting the dots, considering different possibilities, and using the imagination to see patterns among events, ideas, words and objects are WM functions. Without good WM it is hard to see the big picture and see how the parts interact to form the whole. Art, Music and literature all require WM for their creation as well as their appreciation.

When the DLPFC is not working, or has not been trained, there is usually a working memory problem. Meditation and attentional training can help develop this area of brain. When this part of the brain is stimulated and strengthened, problems of working memory are replaced with a wider perspective, increased creativity, better attention and learning. 

Flexible Thinking

Flexible Thinking is learned at a later age than the first two (Davidson et al. 2006, Garon et al. 2008). This is the ability we are using when we look at things from different points of view. We can change perspective in space (“What would this look like in blue?” or “If the couch were over there...”) or in relationships ( “Help me understand this from your perspective”). When we shift the way we look at things, we are able to make creative and useful changes. To do this, however, we need to set aside (inhibit) the way we look at things now, for a different viewpoint, then while setting aside the way things are, we can use our WM as a place to construct a different way of approaching a situation or of understanding an issue.  One can easily see how Flexible Thinking needs and is needed by Self Control as well as WM.  

If at first you don’t succeed, try and try again, but don't do it the same way, try something different. Problem solving often requires us to imagine new possibilities, to think outside of the box.

Being flexible makes it easier to adjust to changed circumstances, to apologize, and to change plans when an obstacle is encountered. There are interesting psychological measures that assess flexibility of thought processing. One is called the Stroop, here is an example

ok, now try this

This sort of tasks shows how challenging it can be and how much slower we go when we have confusing or contradictory inputs. Flexibility is the the ablity to do things a new way in a new situation, but you will notice, that you INHIBIT (Self Control) saying the first thought which may or may not be the correct answer, then, using WM, you recall what the instruction was (or read it again) and only then can you do the different thing. Doing one thing and then doing something else is called Task Switching, it is a form of Flexible Thinking.

Discovery and invention require flexibility. When Fleming came to work at his Bacteria Lab one Monday and saw that his sandwich had grown mold, he also noticed that his strep cultures had weird no growth areas, he put the parts together and concluded that something in the mold had killed the germs, thereby discovering the first antibiotic - penicillin.

An inventor named Anatole was taking a shower, and felt frustrated that if he were holding a bar of soap, he only had one more hand to turn down the cold water and turn up the hot water. It was then he thought of a shower handle that would do both at the same time.

For the first image, can you see white and black arrows? In teh second can you see the faces on the sides of the goblet? How many possibilities can you see in the third?

When the DLPFC is not working, or has not been trained, there is usually a reduction in Flexible Thinking. When this part of the brain is stimulated and strengthened, one would think that Flexible Thinking would improve, but so far, in my experience, brain stimulation does not improve Flexible Thinking as much as it improves Self Control and Working Memory. I'm not sure about this because I have not measured it formally. Feedback from patients who have had brain stimulation for depression routinely includes C students becoming A students, Attention Deficit vanishing and improvement or elimination of impulsivity. Your milage may vary.

Some Recent Articles about Executive Function (Click to download)

Working memory and executive function decline across normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease.

Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches.

Obesity-associated biomarkers and executive function in children.

Computer-Based Cognitive Programs for Improvement of Memory, Processing Speed and Executive Function during Age-Related Cognitive Decline: A Meta-Analysis.

The neural and genetic basis of executive function: attention, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition.

Family matters: Intergenerational and interpersonal processes of executive function and attentive behavior.

The emergent executive: a dynamic field theory of the development of executive function.

The early development of executive function and its relation to social interaction: a brief review.

Prefrontal cortex and executive function in young children: a review of NIRS studies.

Behavioral Sleep Problems and their Potential Impact on Developing Executive Function in Children.

Language, executive function and social cognition in the diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia syndromes.

A role for synaptic plasticity in the adolescent development of executive function.

The relationship between executive function and falls and gait abnormalities in older adults: a systematic review.

For Those Who Need or Want To Know More

DLPFC - Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Dorsal = upper part 

Lateral = to the side

Prefrontal = That part of the frontal lobe which receives thalamic projections from the mediodorsal nucleus (Woolsey 1947)

Cortex = from the Latin word for "bark" the outside layer of the cerebrum, cortex is gray matter meaning it is composed of cells as opposed to the white matter underneath

One hundred years ago a psychiatrist in Germany (Paul Flechsig, MD (1847-1929) noticed that the cortex did not all myelinate at the same time, but developed in a certain sequence which appeared analogous to the evolution of the brain. The first parts of the brain which myelinates we share with the most primitive mammals, these are the basic input-output areas of face, arms, legs etc. The last to develop are those areas which make us the most human - the "Higher Functions" such as  creativity, intelligence, memory, planning and sequencing. He numbered the areas and made a map of the brain from area 1 to 45.

This map of the brain points us to pay attention to the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (Flechsig #45, Brodmann's areas 9 & 46) and the Frontal Pole (Flechsig #45, Brodmann's area 10). 

In the century that followed, this last area has been studied extensively. 

Development of white matter with increasing age in the right DLPFC (myelinogenesis). This graph demonstrates the correlation between age and myelination of the white matter (axons) (reflected in level of fractional anistotropy (FA) (Barnea-Goraly et al., 2005)

Fig. 3. The influence of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on the correlated activity between the dorsomedial midbrain and medial thalamus during heat allodynia. Upper right graph shows the negative correlation between activity in the left DLPFC and each subject’s rating (VAS) of pain unpleasantness during heat allodynia. A median split of DLPFC activity defines high (filled circles) and low (open circles) activity levels. The lower right graph shows the strong positive midbrain-thalamic correlation when DLPFC activity is low and a lack of significant correlation when DLPFC activity is high. The diagram (left) summarizes one interpretation of this relationship. Midbrain and medial thalamic activity are uniquely activated during heat allodynia, which is associated specifically with increased pain unpleasantness (compared to normal heat pain). The left DLPFC, while also activated in this condition, is negatively correlated with pain unpleasantness. Our analysis of these results is consistent with the interpretation that the left DLPFC actively reduces pain unpleasantness (affect) by reducing the activity ascending from the midbrain to medial thalamus during heat allodynia. 

From -  Casey, Lorenz & Minoshima 2003 Insights into the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain through functional brain imaging

Cytoarchitechtonic maps of the Frontal Lobe

Petrides & Pandya 1999 DLPFC Comparative Cytoarchitechtonics

Recent Papers on the topic of DLPFC (Click to download)

Boosting the hypnotic experience. Inhibition of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex alters hypnotizability and sense of agency. A randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled tDCS study.

Perri RL, Perrotta D, Rossani F, Pekala RJ.

Behav Brain Res. 2022 May 3;425:113833. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113833. Epub 2022 Mar 8.

PMID: 35276309

To this aim, bilateral tDCS was applied over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with the target electrode providing negative current (cathodal stimulation) over the left hemisphere. ...

High-Frequency Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined With Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Distinct Activation Patterns Associated With Different Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation Sites.

Caparelli EC, Schleyer B, Zhai T, Gu H, Abulseoud OA, Yang Y.

Neuromodulation. 2022 Apr 10:S1094-7159(22)00557-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.03.002. Online ahead of print.

PMID: 35418339

MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 15 healthy adult participants received simultaneous TMS and functional magnetic resonance imaging to map the modulatory effect of TMS when it was applied over three different sites in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Independent com …

Relationship between plasma clozapine/N-desmethylclozapine and changes in basal forebrain-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex coupling in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.

Sarpal DK, Blazer A, Wilson JD, Calabro FJ, Foran W, Kahn CE, Luna B, Chengappa KNR.

Schizophr Res. 2022 Apr 2;243:170-177. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.03.014. Online ahead of print.

PMID: 35381515

Here, we examined changes in basal forebrain functional connectivity with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and secondly, cognition in relation to the CLZ/NDMC ratio. ...

The role of the dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in emotion regulation in females with major depressive disorder (MDD): A tDCS study.

Nejati V, Majidinezhad M, Nitsche M.

J Psychiatr Res. 2022 Apr;148:149-158. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.030. Epub 2022 Jan 20.

PMID: 35124394

BACKGROUND: Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) have deficits in emotion regulation, which plays a putative role in psychopathology. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) are assumed to be involved in resp …

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and amygdala function during cognitive reappraisal predicts weight restoration and emotion regulation impairment in anorexia nervosa.

Steward T, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Mestre-Bach G, Sánchez I, Riesco N, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Formoso JA, Veciana de Las Heras M, Custal N, Menchón JM, Soriano-Mas C, Fernandez-Aranda F.

Psychol Med. 2022 Apr;52(5):844-852. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720002457. Epub 2020 Jul 23.

PMID: 32698931 Free article.

RESULTS: Compared to controls, patients with AN showed reduced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during cognitive reappraisal [pFWE<0.05, threshold-free cluster enhancement (TFCE) corrected]. ...

Self-compassion and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity during sad self-face recognition in depressed adolescents.

Liu G, Zhang N, Teoh JY, Egan C, Zeffiro TA, Davidson RJ, Quevedo K.

Psychol Med. 2022 Apr;52(5):864-873. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720002482. Epub 2020 Jul 23.

PMID: 32698918 Free PMC article.

RESULTS: Self-compassion correlated negatively with activity during sad v. neutral self-face recognition in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in the total sample, and in the right posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus in HCs, respectively. In depressed adolescents …

Distinct Causal Influences of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Posterior Parietal Cortex in Multiple-Option Decision Making.

Woo TF, Law CK, Ting KH, Chan CCH, Kolling N, Watanabe K, Chau BKH.

Cereb Cortex. 2022 Mar 30;32(7):1390-1404. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhab278.

PMID: 34470053 Clinical Trial.

The current study examined whether the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) are of particular importance to multiple-option decision making. ...

Blue light exposure increases functional connectivity between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and multiple cortical regions.

Killgore WDS, Alkozei A, Vanuk JR, Reign D, Grandner MA, Dailey NS.

Neuroreport. 2022 Mar 23;33(5):236-241. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001774.

PMID: 35287149 Free PMC article.

Here, we undertook an expansion and reanalysis of our previously published findings to examine the effect of acute blue light exposure on the strength of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between a previously identified region of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cor …

Expansion of Schizophrenia Gene Network Knowledge Using Machine Learning Selected Signals From Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala RNA-seq Data.

Liu Y, Qu HQ, Chang X, Tian L, Glessner J, Sleiman PAM, Hakonarson H.

Front Psychiatry. 2022 Mar 21;13:797329. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.797329. eCollection 2022.

PMID: 35386517 Free PMC article.

In this study, we used RNA-seq data from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) from 254 individuals and RNA-seq data from the amygdala region from 46 individuals. ...

Enhancing Visuospatial Working Memory Performance Using Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation Over the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.

Ngetich R, Jin D, Li W, Song B, Zhang J, Jin Z, Li L.

Front Hum Neurosci. 2022 Mar 17;16:752519. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.752519. eCollection 2022.

PMID: 35370586 Free PMC article.

Effects of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex versus motor cortex in patients with neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a study protocol.

Huang M, Luo X, Zhang C, Xie YJ, Wang L, Wan T, Chen R, Xu F, Wang JX.

BMJ Open. 2022 Mar 11;12(3):e053476. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053476.

PMID: 35277402 Free PMC article.

Previous studies have shown that repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the motor cortex (M1) can reduce the average pain and the most severe pain of neuropathic pain after SCI. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) area is a common target of rTMS …

Case Report: Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Auditory Cortex in a Patient With Tinnitus and Depression.

Chang CH, Wang WL, Shieh YH, Peng HY, Ho CS, Tsai HC.

Front Psychiatry. 2022 Mar 9;13:847618. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.847618. eCollection 2022.

PMID: 35356711 Free PMC article.

Here, we report a case of a 62-year-old man with treatment-refractory tinnitus and depression whose symptoms markedly improved after undergoing low-frequency rTMS over the right-side dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left auditory cortex area. Our report indicates …

Opposing Roles of the Dorsolateral and Dorsomedial Striatum in the Acquisition of Skilled Action Sequencing in Rats.

Turner KM, Svegborn A, Langguth M, McKenzie C, Robbins TW.

J Neurosci. 2022 Mar 9;42(10):2039-2051. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1907-21.2022. Epub 2022 Jan 27.

PMID: 35086903 Free PMC article.

Unexpectedly, the mPFC was not involved; however, the lateral orbitofrontal cortex was critical. These results shift current theories about striatal control of behavior to a model of competitive opposition, where the dorsomedial striatum interferes with the development of …

Differential Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor-1 Protein Expression in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Between Schizophrenia Type 1 and Type 2.

Chand GB, Jiang H, Miller JP, Rhodes CH, Tu Z, Wong DF.

Front Psychiatry. 2022 Mar 8;13:827981. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.827981. eCollection 2022.

PMID: 35350429 Free PMC article.

Recent in vitro findings of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) gene expression on postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) showed that schizophrenia has two subtypes, those with a relatively normal DLPFC transcriptome (Type 1) and those with differentially expresse …

Alteration of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of individuals with chronic insomnia: a combined transcranial magnetic stimulation-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

Zhang H, Huang X, Wang C, Liang K.

Sleep Med. 2022 Mar 8;92:34-40. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.03.003. Online ahead of print.

PMID: 35325767

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of patients with chronic insomnia treated with real repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as compared to sham-rTMS, as measured …

Perturbation of Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Makes Power Holders Less Resistant to Tempting Bribes.

Hu Y, Philippe R, Guigon V, Zhao S, Derrington E, Corgnet B, Bonaiuto JJ, Dreher JC.

Psychol Sci. 2022 Mar;33(3):412-423. doi: 10.1177/09567976211042379. Epub 2022 Mar 3.

PMID: 35238245

Here, we employed transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) in combination with a novel paradigm (N = 119 adults) to investigate whether disruption of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) causally changed bribe-taking decisions of power holders. ...

Corrigendum to: "Effects of theta burst stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in disorders of consciousness".

Wu M, Wu Y, Yu Y, Gao J, Meng F, He F, Shi J, Luo B.

Brain Stimul. 2022 Mar-Apr;15(2):426. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.02.001. Epub 2022 Feb 11.

PMID: 35158110 Free article. No abstract available.

Updated scalp heuristics for localizing the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex based on convergent evidence of lesion and brain stimulation studies in depression.

Mir-Moghtadaei A, Siddiqi SH, Mir-Moghtadaei K, Blumberger DM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Daskalakis ZJ, Fox MD, Downar J.

Brain Stimul. 2022 Mar-Apr;15(2):291-295. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.01.013. Epub 2022 Jan 24.

PMID: 35085817 Free article.

Recent work investigating whole-brain maps of circuits associated with depression and its successful treatment has identified foci of interest within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). OBJECTIVE: To create an updated scalp heuristic for localizing the DLPFC based …

Neural basis underlying the association between expressive suppression and procrastination: The mediation role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Wang J, Zhang R, Feng T.

Brain Cogn. 2022 Mar;157:105832. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105832. Epub 2021 Dec 27.

PMID: 34968896

Furthermore, VBM results indicated that expressive suppression was positively correlated with gray matter (GM) volumes of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). More importantly, the GM volumes in dlPFC mediated the relationship between expressive suppression an …

Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Patients With Minimally Conscious State.

Peng Y, Zhao J, Lu X, Dong J, Zhang S, Zhang J, Liu H, Zheng X, Wang X, Lan Y, Yan T.

Front Neurol. 2022 Feb 18;13:821286. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.821286. eCollection 2022.

PMID: 35250824 Free PMC article.

The anodal electrode and cathodal electrodes were placed over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the right eyebrow, respectively. Assessment of Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) scores and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) scans was conducted three …

Depressive symptoms reduce when dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-precuneus connectivity normalizes after functional connectivity neurofeedback.

Taylor JE, Yamada T, Kawashima T, Kobayashi Y, Yoshihara Y, Miyata J, Murai T, Kawato M, Motegi T.

Sci Rep. 2022 Feb 16;12(1):2581. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05860-1.

PMID: 35173179 Free PMC article.

A novel treatment that can directly influence the neural circuit relevant to an individual patient's subset of symptoms might more precisely and thus effectively aid in the alleviation of their specific symptoms. ...We targeted connectivity between the left dorsolateral pr …

Unusual Molecular Regulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Layer III Synapses Increases Vulnerability to Genetic and Environmental Insults in Schizophrenia.

Arnsten AFT, Woo E, Yang S, Wang M, Datta D.

Biol Psychiatry. 2022 Feb 12:S0006-3223(22)00087-7. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.02.003. Online ahead of print.

PMID: 35305820 Free article. Review.

Schizophrenia is associated with reduced numbers of spines and dendrites from layer III of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), the layer that houses the recurrent excitatory microcircuits that subserve working memory and abstract thought. ...

Application of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study.

Mano T.

J Clin Med. 2022 Feb 1;11(3):798. doi: 10.3390/jcm11030798.

PMID: 35160250 Free PMC article.

This study aimed to explore the cognitive function changes by rTMS over the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We evaluated the feasibility of rTMS application for mild cognitive dysfunction in patients with AD in an open-l …

N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor and inflammation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia.

Rahman T, Purves-Tyson T, Geddes AE, Huang XF, Newell KA, Weickert CS.

Schizophr Res. 2022 Feb;240:61-70. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.045. Epub 2021 Dec 21.

PMID: 34952289

Lower N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) GluN1 subunit levels and heightened neuroinflammation are found in the cortex in schizophrenia. Since neuroinflammation can lead to changes in NMDAR function, it is possible that these observations are linked in schizophrenia. We …

Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation at the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on the Cognitive Function in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Comments on a Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.

Alashram AR, Annino G.

Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022 Feb;103(2):372. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.08.023. Epub 2021 Oct 17.

PMID: 34670135 No abstract available.

Gut microbiome diversity mediates the association between right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anxiety level.

Huang X, Li L, Ling Z, Gao L, Chen H, Duan X.

Brain Imaging Behav. 2022 Feb;16(1):397-405. doi: 10.1007/s11682-021-00513-9. Epub 2021 Sep 23.

PMID: 34554317

We observed that anxiety level was negatively correlated with GM volume in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and alpha diversity index of gut microbiome. Additional mediation analysis revealed the indirect effect of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex GM volume on …

Elevated ad libitum alcohol consumption following continuous theta burst stimulation to the left-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is partially mediated by changes in craving.

McNeill AM, Monk RL, Qureshi AW, Makris S, Cazzato V, Heim D.

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2022 Feb;22(1):160-170. doi: 10.3758/s13415-021-00940-7. Epub 2021 Aug 19.

PMID: 34410618 Free PMC article.

A mixed design was implemented, with cTBS stimulation to right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the medial orbital frontal cortex (mOFC) and Vertex, with measures of inhibitory control, AB, and craving taken both pre- and post-stimulation. ...

Effect of Cognition Recovery by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Ipsilesional Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Subacute Stroke Patients.

Kim J, Cha B, Lee D, Kim JM, Kim M.

Front Neurol. 2022 Jan 31;13:823108. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.823108. eCollection 2022.

PMID: 35185773 Free PMC article.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the efficacy of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the ipsilesional dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on neurological recovery in patients with subacute phase stroke. ...

Feasibility of training the dorsolateral prefrontal-striatal network by real-time fMRI neurofeedback.

Weiss F, Zhang J, Aslan A, Kirsch P, Gerchen MF.

Sci Rep. 2022 Jan 31;12(1):1669. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05675-0.

PMID: 35102203 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on Fairness-Related Decision-Making.

Hu X, Zhang Y, Liu X, Guo Y, Mai X, Liu C.

Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2022 Jan 27:nsac004. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsac004. Online ahead of print.

PMID: 35084042 Free article.

Neuroimaging studies suggest that the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) is an important brain area involved in fairness-related decision-making. ...Participants received anodal, cathodal, or sham stimulation before performing a modified ultimatum game (UG) task …

Offset analgesia is associated with opposing modulation of medial versus dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activations: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Alter B, Santosa H, Nguyen QH, Huppert TJ, Wasan AD.

Mol Pain. 2022 Jan 27:17448069221074991. doi: 10.1177/17448069221074991. Online ahead of print.

PMID: 35083928 Free article.

OS - Con contrasts revealed deactivations in bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and bilateral somatosensory cortex (SSC) associated with offset analgesia. Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) showed activation only during OS. These data demonst …

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic evidence of increased choline in the dorsolateral prefrontal and visual cortices in recent onset schizophrenia.

Smucny J, Carter CS, Maddock RJ.

Neurosci Lett. 2022 Jan 23;770:136410. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136410. Epub 2021 Dec 18.

PMID: 34933057 Free article.

A complete characterization of neurometabolite profiles in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in recent onset schizophrenia (SZ) remains elusive. ...To that end, DLPFC N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), myo-inositol, glutamate, choline, and creatine levels were examined by …

Continuous theta-burst stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex disrupts fear memory reconsolidation in humans.

Su S, Deng J, Yuan K, Gong Y, Zhang Y, Li H, Cao K, Huang X, Lin X, Wu P, Xue Y, Bao Y, Shi J, Shi L, Lu L.

iScience. 2021 Dec 11;25(1):103614. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103614. eCollection 2022 Jan 21.

PMID: 35106462 Free PMC article.

Succeeding fear conditioning, the subjects received cTBS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) or vertex (control) with or without exposure to the conditioned stimulus to reactivate the original fear memory, and then underwent fear response tests. ...

High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Shortly Alleviates Fatigue in Patients With Multiple System Atrophy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Pan J, Mi TM, Ma JH, Sun H, Chan P.

Front Neurol. 2022 Jan 11;12:755352. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.755352. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 35087463 Free PMC article.

The present study aims to investigate whether high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) could relieve fatigue in patients with MSA. Methods: This is a single-center, randomized and double-blind t …

Is There Any Relationship Between Biochemical Indices and Anthropometric Measurements With Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation Among Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment?

You YX, Shahar S, Mohamad M, Rajab NF, Che Din N, Lau HJ, Abdul Hamid H.

Front Hum Neurosci. 2022 Jan 3;15:765451. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.765451. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 35046782 Free PMC article.

Working memory is developed in one region of the brain called the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The dysfunction of this region leads to synaptic neuroplasticity impairment. ...

Individual interregional perfusion between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex stimulation targets and the subgenual anterior cortex predicts response and remission to aiTBS treatment in medication-resistant depression: The influence of behavioral inhibition.

Wu GR, Baeken C.

Brain Stimul. 2022 Jan-Feb;15(1):182-189. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.12.003. Epub 2021 Dec 10.

PMID: 34902623 Free article.

Baseline functional connectivity (FC) patterns between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the subgenual anterior cortex (sgACC) have gained a lot of attention as a potential biomarker for response. ...

Transcranial direct current stimulation of bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex eliminates creativity impairment induced by acute stress.

Wang Y, Guo X, Wang M, Kan Y, Zhang H, Zhao H, Meilin W, Duan H.

Int J Psychophysiol. 2022 Jan;171:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.11.001. Epub 2021 Nov 19.

PMID: 34808142 Clinical Trial.

The creativity impairment under acute stress may be closely related to the down-regulation of the prefrontal cortex function caused by stress-related neurotransmitters and hormones. In the current study, we explored whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) ov …

Initial performance modulates the effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on inhibitory control.

Wu D, Zhou Y, Xu P, Liu N, Sun K, Xiao W.

Brain Res. 2022 Jan 1;1774:147722. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147722. Epub 2021 Nov 11.

PMID: 34774867 Clinical Trial.

The go/no-go task, stop-signal task and Stroop task were performed to measure inhibitory control before and immediately after tDCS. tDCS was applied to the F4 site (international 10-20 system), corresponding to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC), for 20 min …

A novel approach for targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for transcranial magnetic stimulation using a cognitive task.

Wang A, Nikolin S, Moffa AH, Loo CK, Martin DM.

Exp Brain Res. 2022 Jan;240(1):71-80. doi: 10.1007/s00221-021-06233-2. Epub 2021 Oct 8.

PMID: 34625838

This study explored the use of a cognitive task to individualise the target site for rTMS administered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC). Twenty-five healthy participants were enrolled in a sham-controlled, crossover study. ...

Fearful facial expressions reduce inhibition levels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with specific phobia.

Pokorny L, Besting L, Roebruck F, Jarczok TA, Bender S.

Depress Anxiety. 2022 Jan;39(1):26-36. doi: 10.1002/da.23217. Epub 2021 Oct 7.

PMID: 34617644

BACKGROUND: Specific phobias have the highest prevalence among anxiety disorders. Cognitive control involving the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is crucial for coping abilities in anxiety disorders. ...

Mechanisms underlying dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributions to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.

Smucny J, Dienel SJ, Lewis DA, Carter CS.

Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022 Jan;47(1):292-308. doi: 10.1038/s41386-021-01089-0. Epub 2021 Jul 20.

PMID: 34285373 Review.

Findings from multiple studies over the following decades have clearly implicated pathology of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as playing a central role in the pathophysiology of SZ, particularly with regard to key cognitive features such as deficits in working …

Neural Activity Across the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Risk for Suicidal Ideation and Self-Injury.

Zahid Z, McMahon L, Lynch M.

Arch Suicide Res. 2022 Jan-Mar;26(1):187-207. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2020.1779154. Epub 2020 Jun 26.

PMID: 32589862

The current study investigated the neural correlates of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal ideation across the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Two-hundred ninety-six undergraduates solved anagram tasks while being monitored by a functional near-infrared spectrosc …

Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Glx/tCr Predicts Efficacy of High Frequency 4- to 6-Week rTMS Treatment and Is Associated With Symptom Improvement in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: Findings From a Pilot Study.

Bhattacharyya P, Anand A, Lin J, Altinay M.

Front Psychiatry. 2021 Dec 3;12:665347. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.665347. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34925079 Free PMC article.

Given the significance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate (Glu) and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the pathophysiology of MDD, and the involvement of the site of rTMS application, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC), in MDD, we explored lD …

Impact of Psychosocial Occupational Therapy Combined with Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on the Cognitive Performance of Patients with Schizophrenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Fathi Azar E, Hosseinzadeh S, Nosrat Abadi M, Sayad Nasiri M, Haghgoo HA.

Hong Kong J Occup Ther. 2021 Dec;34(2):121-131. doi: 10.1177/15691861211065155. Epub 2021 Dec 20.

PMID: 34987350 Free PMC article.

Furthermore, the experimental group received 12 sessions of active anodal tDCS for 20 minutes with 2 mA intensity on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) while the patients in the sham group received sham tDCS. ...

Low-beta repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during object recognition memory sample presentation, at a task-related frequency observed in local field potentials in homologous macaque cortex, impairs subsequent recollection but not familiarity.

Wu Z, Kavanova M, Hickman L, Boschin EA, Galeazzi JM, Verhagen L, Ainsworth M, Pedreira C, Buckley MJ.

Eur J Neurosci. 2021 Dec;54(11):7918-7945. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15535. Epub 2021 Dec 2.

PMID: 34796568 Free PMC article.

According to dual-process signal-detection (DPSD) theories, short- and long-term recognition memory draws upon both familiarity and recollection. It remains unclear how primate prefrontal cortex (PFC) contributes to these processes, but frequency-specific neuronal activiti …

The role of ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in attention and interpretation biases in individuals with general anxiety disorder (GAD): A tDCS study.

Nejati V, Khalaji S, Goodarzi H, Nitsche M.

J Psychiatr Res. 2021 Dec;144:269-277. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.034. Epub 2021 Oct 22.

PMID: 34710663 Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: and purpose of the study: Individuals with general anxiety disorder (GAD) have deficits in emotional and cognitive processing, including cognitive bias, which plays a causal role in anxiety. Hyperactivity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsol …

Reduced neuronal population in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in infant macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).

Haddad A, Voth B, Brooks J, Swang M, Carryl H, Algarzae N, Taylor S, Parker C, Van Rompay KKA, De Paris K, Burke MW.

J Neurovirol. 2021 Dec;27(6):923-935. doi: 10.1007/s13365-021-01019-2. Epub 2021 Sep 23.

PMID: 34554407 Free PMC article.

Here, we expand on these previous studies to investigate the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). A total of 11 ART-naive infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from previous studies were retrospectively analyzed. ...

Correction to: Elevated ad libitum alcohol consumption following continuous theta burst stimulation to the left-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is partially mediated by changes in craving.

McNeill AM, Monk RL, Qureshi AW, Makris S, Cazzato V, Heim D.

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2021 Dec;21(6):1319. doi: 10.3758/s13415-021-00948-z.

PMID: 34462877 No abstract available.

Neuroimaging Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Task-Based Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation Following 12 Weeks of Cosmos caudatus Supplementation Among Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment.

You YX, Shahar S, Mohamad M, Rajab NF, Haron H, Che Din N, Abdul Hamid H.

J Magn Reson Imaging. 2021 Dec;54(6):1804-1818. doi: 10.1002/jmri.27762. Epub 2021 Jun 3.

PMID: 34080265 Clinical Trial.

Mini-mental State Examination and Digit Span) and task-based fMRI (N-back and Stroop Color Word Test) at baseline and 12th week. Brodmann's area 9, 46 and anterior cingulate cortex were selected as the regions of interest to define dorsolateral prefrontal cortex …

Functional Connectivity in Dorsolateral Frontal Cortex: Intracranial Electroencephalogram Study.

Kalamangalam GP, Chelaru MI.

Brain Connect. 2021 Dec;11(10):850-864. doi: 10.1089/brain.2020.0816. Epub 2021 Jun 1.

PMID: 33926230

Methods: Functional connectivity between pairs of subdural grid electrodes was averaged to yield an electrode connectivity (EC) whose time-average yielded mean electrode connectivity (mEC), compared with that electrode's time-averaged sample entropy (SE; mean electrode sam …

MEG activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during optic flow stimulations detects mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease.

Noguchi-Shinohara M, Koike M, Morise H, Kudo K, Tsuchimine S, Komatsu J, Abe C, Kitagawa S, Ikeda Y, Yamada M.

PLoS One. 2021 Nov 5;16(11):e0259677. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259677. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34739526 Free PMC article.

Dorsal stream, which has a neuronal connection with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), is known to be responsible for detection of motion including optic flow perception. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), this study aimed to examine neural responses to optic flow st …

Retraction: 24-Hour Rhythms of DNA Methylation and Their Relation with Rhythms of RNA Expression in the Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.

Lim ASP, Srivastava GP, Yu L, Chibnik LB, Xu J, Buchman AS, Schneider JA, Myers AJ, Bennett DA, De Jager PL; PLOS Genetics Editors.

PLoS Genet. 2021 Nov 4;17(11):e1009895. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009895. eCollection 2021 Nov.

PMID: 34735448 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

Correction: Stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with slow rTMS enhances verbal memory formation.

van der Plas M, Braun V, Stauch BJ, Hanslmayr S.

PLoS Biol. 2021 Nov 3;19(11):e3001451. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001451. eCollection 2021 Nov.

PMID: 34731174 Free PMC article.

Multichannel anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a paediatric population.

Splittgerber M, Borzikowsky C, Salvador R, Puonti O, Papadimitriou K, Merschformann C, Biagi MC, Stenner T, Brauer H, Breitling-Ziegler C, Prehn-Kristensen A, Krauel K, Ruffini G, Pedersen A, Nees F, Thielscher A, Dempfle A, Siniatchkin M, Moliadze V.

Sci Rep. 2021 Nov 2;11(1):21512. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00933-z.

PMID: 34728684 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

Methodological studies investigating transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) in paediatric populations are limited. Therefore, we investigated in a paediatric population whether stimulation success of multichanne …

Universal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Headset for targeting the bilateral Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Towards facilitating broader adoption.

Valter Y, Moreno J, Grym G, Gabay E, Nazim K, Datta A.

Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2021 Nov;2021:5055-5058. doi: 10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9630608.

PMID: 34892343

Electrode position affects the brain current flow intensity and distribution induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC) is a common target in neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry applications. ...

Anodal tDCS effects over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) on the rating of facial expression: evidence for a gender-specific effect.

Palmisano A, Bossi F, Barlabà C, Febbraio F, Loconte R, Lupo A, Nitsche MA, Rivolta D.

Heliyon. 2021 Oct 27;7(11):e08267. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08267. eCollection 2021 Nov.

PMID: 34765784 Free PMC article.

The accurate recognition of others' facial expressions is a core skill for social interactions. The left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (L-DLPFC) represents a key node in the network for facial emotion recognition. ...

Gene expression in the dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortices implicates immune-related gene networks in PTSD.

Logue MW, Zhou Z, Morrison FG, Wolf EJ, Daskalakis NP, Chatzinakos C, Georgiadis F, Labadorf AT, Girgenti MJ, Young KA, Williamson DE, Zhao X, Grenier JG; Traumatic Stress Brain Research Group, Huber BR, Miller MW.

Neurobiol Stress. 2021 Sep 20;15:100398. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100398. eCollection 2021 Nov.

PMID: 34646915 Free PMC article.

Studies evaluating neuroimaging, genetically predicted gene expression, and pre-clinical genetic models of PTSD, have identified PTSD-related abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the brain, particularly in dorsolateral and ventromedial PFC (dlPFC and vmPFC). ...

Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to promote long-term foreign language vocabulary learning.

Bolling AJ, King VL, Enam T, McDonough IM.

Brain Cogn. 2021 Nov;154:105789. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105789. Epub 2021 Sep 8.

PMID: 34509124

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was used to improve foreign-langue learning while using mental imagery. ...

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex excitability abnormalities in Alzheimer's Dementia: Findings from transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography study.

Joseph S, Knezevic D, Zomorrodi R, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Voineskos A, Wang W, Rajji TK, Kumar S.

Int J Psychophysiol. 2021 Nov;169:55-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.08.008. Epub 2021 Sep 6.

PMID: 34499960

There is some evidence of cortical hyper-excitability in Alzheimer's Dementia (AD) but its relationship with cognition is not clear. In this study, we assessed dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) excitability and its relationship with cognition in AD. ...

Increased resting-state brain entropy of parahippocampal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in manic and euthymic adolescent bipolar disorder.

Kuang L, Gao W, Wang L, Guo Y, Cao W, Cui D, Jiao Q, Qiu J, Su L, Lu G.

J Psychiatr Res. 2021 Nov;143:106-112. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.025. Epub 2021 Aug 26.

PMID: 34479001 Free article.

RESULTS: Compared to HCs, manic and euthymic ABD patients showed increased BEN in right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). There was no significant difference of BEN between the manic and the euthymic ABD groups. ...

Transcriptional Alterations in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Nucleus Accumbens Implicate Neuroinflammation and Synaptic Remodeling in Opioid Use Disorder.

Seney ML, Kim SM, Glausier JR, Hildebrand MA, Xue X, Zong W, Wang J, Shelton MA, Phan BN, Srinivasan C, Pfenning AR, Tseng GC, Lewis DA, Freyberg Z, Logan RW.

Biol Psychiatry. 2021 Oct 15;90(8):550-562. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.06.007. Epub 2021 Jun 12.

PMID: 34380600 Free article.

METHODS: We performed RNA sequencing on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens from unaffected comparison subjects (n = 20) and subjects diagnosed with OUD (n = 20). ...CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings suggest connections between the brain's immu …

The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on performing a sequential dual task: a randomized experimental study.

Abedanzadeh R, Alboghebish S, Barati P.

Psicol Reflex Crit. 2021 Oct 9;34(1):30. doi: 10.1186/s41155-021-00195-8.

PMID: 34626255 Free PMC article.

Therefore, this preliminary study aimed to investigate the effect of transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on performing dual tasks. Twenty-six students (average age 25.2 2.43 years) were selected and then randomly divided …

Enhanced Temporal Coupling between Thalamus and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Mediates Chronic Low Back Pain and Depression.

Li H, Song Q, Zhang R, Zhou Y, Kong Y.

Neural Plast. 2021 Oct 8;2021:7498714. doi: 10.1155/2021/7498714. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34659398 Free PMC article.

., depression and anxiety), and depression (Beck-Depression Inventory, BDI) was found to be an outstanding significant factor to predict chronic pain (short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, SF-MPQ); (2) the LDH group showed significantly smaller fractional anisotropy values …

Modulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Glutamate/Glutamine Levels Following Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Young Adults With Autism.

Moxon-Emre I, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM, Croarkin PE, Lyon RE, Forde NJ, Tani H, Truong P, Lai MC, Desarkar P, Sailasuta N, Szatmari P, Ameis SH.

Front Neurosci. 2021 Oct 6;15:711542. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.711542. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34690671 Free PMC article.

Twenty-eight participants with ASD and executive function impairment [23.3 4.69 years; seven-female] underwent two magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) scans of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). MRS scans were acquired before and after participants with ASD …

Functional role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the modulation of cognitive bias.

Xia X, Li Y, Wang Y, Xia J, Lin Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang J.

Psychophysiology. 2021 Oct;58(10):e13894. doi: 10.1111/psyp.13894. Epub 2021 Jul 5.

PMID: 34227119

Automatic action tendency is a typical cognitive bias. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a crucial area for processing various behavioral tasks. ...

Metabolic alterations of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

Wang W, Wu X, Su X, Sun H, Tan Q, Zhang S, Lu L, Gao H, Liu W, Yang X, Zhou D, Kemp GJ, Yue Q, Gong Q.

J Neurosci Res. 2021 Oct;99(10):2657-2668. doi: 10.1002/jnr.24866. Epub 2021 Jun 16.

PMID: 34133770

The present study aimed to identify possible neurochemical alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in participants with SHE using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H MRS). ...

Post-training stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impairs working memory training performance.

Au J, Katz B, Moon A, Talati S, Abagis TR, Jonides J, Jaeggi SM.

J Neurosci Res. 2021 Oct;99(10):2351-2363. doi: 10.1002/jnr.24784. Epub 2021 Jan 12.

PMID: 33438297 Free PMC article.

Previous work has demonstrated enhancement of working memory training while applying concurrent tDCS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, the optimal stimulation parameters are still unknown. ...

Investigating Cortical Buffering Effects of Acute Moderate Intensity Exercise: A cTBS Study Targeting the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.

Manocchio F, Lowe CJ.

Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 Sep 30;15:645326. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.645326. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34658810 Free PMC article.

Background: The beneficial effects of both single-session bouts of aerobic exercise and therapeutic exercise interventions on the cortical regions associated with top-down attentional control [i.e., prefrontal cortex (PFC)] have been well documented. However, it remains un …

Stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with slow rTMS enhances verbal memory formation.

van der Plas M, Braun V, Stauch BJ, Hanslmayr S.

PLoS Biol. 2021 Sep 28;19(9):e3001363. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001363. eCollection 2021 Sep.

PMID: 34582432 Free PMC article.

Encoding of episodic memories relies on stimulus-specific information processing and involves the left prefrontal cortex. We here present an incidental finding from a simultaneous EEG-TMS experiment as well as a replication of this unexpected effect. Our results reveal tha …

Use of Fast Gamma Magnetic Stimulation Over the Left Prefrontal Dorsolateral Cortex for the Treatment of MCI and Mild Alzheimer's Disease: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study.

Mimenza-Alvarado AJ, Aguilar-Navarro SG, Martinez-Carrillo FM, Ríos-Ponce AE, Villafuerte G.

Front Neurol. 2021 Sep 9;12:729872. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.729872. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34566873 Free PMC article.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) animal models have shown a reduced gamma power in several brain areas, and induction of these oscillations by non-invasive methods has been shown to modify several pathogenic mechanisms of AD. ...Objective: The aim of this study was to …

Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Reduce the Symptoms of the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Shafiezadeh S, Eshghi M, Dokhaei Z, Mohajeri H, MohammadShirazi A, Mirsadeghi S, Hasani Abharian P.

Basic Clin Neurosci. 2021 Sep-Oct;12(5):675-680. doi: 10.32598/bcn.2021.1920.2. Epub 2021 Sep 1.

PMID: 35173921 Free PMC article.

Previous studies have indicated abnormalities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of OCD patients; thus, we decided to use transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) to decline these patients' symptoms. ...

High-frequency rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on chronic and provoked pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Che X, Cash RFH, Luo X, Luo H, Lu X, Xu F, Zang YF, Fitzgerald PB, Fitzgibbon BM.

Brain Stimul. 2021 Sep-Oct;14(5):1135-1146. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.07.004. Epub 2021 Jul 16.

PMID: 34280583 Free article. Review.

BACKGROUND: High-frequency rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has demonstrated mixed effects on chronic and provoked pain. ...

Pain relief associated with decreased oxyhemoglobin level in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Miyashiro S, Yamada Y, Nagaoka M, Shima R, Muta T, Ishikawa H, Abe T, Hori M, Oka K, Koshikawa F, Ito E.

PLoS One. 2021 Aug 23;16(8):e0256626. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256626. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34424921 Free PMC article.

We first attempted to quantify the pain relief using transcutaneous electric stimulation (TCES) and a visual analog scale (VAS), and then applied near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to the prefrontal cortex, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the …

Repeated anodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in mild cognitive impairment patients increased regional homogeneity in multiple brain regions.

He F, Li Y, Li C, Fan L, Liu T, Wang J.

PLoS One. 2021 Aug 13;16(8):e0256100. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256100. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34388179 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

Forty-three individuals with MCI were randomly assigned to receive either 10 HD-tDCS sessions or 10 sham sessions to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC). The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and the regional homogeneity (ReHo) was com …

Modulation of Methamphetamine-Related Attention Bias by Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation on Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.

Chen T, Su H, Wang L, Li X, Wu Q, Zhong N, Du J, Meng Y, Duan C, Zhang C, Shi W, Xu D, Song W, Zhao M, Jiang H.

Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Aug 3;9:667476. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667476. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34414178 Free PMC article.

A potential candidate mechanism could be that rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) modulates the attention bias to methamphetamine-related cues. ...

5-HT2A receptor- and M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated activation of Gαq/11 in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of opiate addicts.

Odagaki Y, Kinoshita M, Meana JJ, Callado LF, García-Sevilla JA.

Pharmacol Rep. 2021 Aug;73(4):1155-1163. doi: 10.1007/s43440-021-00248-w. Epub 2021 Apr 9.

PMID: 33835465

METHODS: Functional activation of Galpha(q/11) proteins coupled to 5-HT(2A) and M(1) type muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) was assessed by using the method named [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding/immunoprecipitation in frontal cortical membrane preparations from postmortem …

The genie in the bottle-magnified calcium signaling in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Arnsten AFT, Datta D, Wang M.

Mol Psychiatry. 2021 Aug;26(8):3684-3700. doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-00973-3. Epub 2020 Dec 15.

PMID: 33319854 Free PMC article. Review.

Neurons in the association cortices are particularly vulnerable in cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, while those in primary visual cortex remain relatively resilient. ...For example, dendritic spines in the primate dorsolateral prefr …

Does injury of the thalamocortical connection between the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex affect motor recovery after cerebral infarct?

Choi KT, Kwak SG, Chang MC.

Acta Neurol Belg. 2021 Aug;121(4):921-926. doi: 10.1007/s13760-020-01309-2. Epub 2020 Feb 27.

PMID: 32107716

We assessed the state of the thalamocortical connection between the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in patients with corona radiata infarct using diffusion tensor tractography (DTT). ...

Comparing the Impact of Multi-Session Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal and Primary Motor Cortex Neuronavigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (nrTMS) on Chronic Pain Patients.

Freigang S, Lehner C, Fresnoza SM, Mahdy Ali K, Hlavka E, Eitler A, Szilagyi I, Bornemann-Cimenti H, Deutschmann H, Reishofer G, Berlec A, Kurschel-Lackner S, Valentin A, Sutter B, Zaar K, Mokry M.

Brain Sci. 2021 Jul 22;11(8):961. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11080961.

PMID: 34439580 Free PMC article.

The present study investigated the effects of multi-session 20 Hz (2000 pulses) and 5 Hz (1800 pulses) rTMS stimulation of left motor cortex (M1-group) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC-group), respectively. ...

Acute effects of a single dose of 2 mA of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on executive functions in patients with schizophrenia-A randomized controlled trial.

Schilling TM, Bossert M, König M, Wirtz G, Weisbrod M, Aschenbrenner S.

PLoS One. 2021 Jul 16;16(7):e0254695. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254695. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34270620 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

In session 1 they solely underwent the neuropsychological assessment, whereas in session 2 they additionally received 2 mA of anodal tDCS stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), cathode right supraorbital ridge, or sham stimulation for 20 minutes. …

Absence of altered in vivo concentration of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex GABA in recent onset schizophrenia.

Yoon JH, Maddock RJ, Laufer J, Minzenberg MJ, Niendam TA, Lesh TA, Solomon M, Ragland JD, Carter C.

Schizophr Res. 2021 Jul 9:S0920-9964(21)00230-9. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.06.018. Online ahead of print.

PMID: 34253429 No abstract available.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Electroencephalographic Functional Connectivity in Alzheimer's Disease.

Guo Y, Dang G, Hordacre B, Su X, Yan N, Chen S, Ren H, Shi X, Cai M, Zhang S, Lan X.

Front Aging Neurosci. 2021 Jul 7;13:679585. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.679585. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34305567 Free PMC article.

Background: Increasing evidence demonstrates that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is beneficial for improving cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the underlying me …

Corrigendum to: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex response to negative tweets relates to executive functioning.

Tashjian SM, Galván A.

Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2021 Jul 6;16(7):737. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsab039.

PMID: 33779762 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

Improvement of Impulsivity and Decision Making by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in a Patient with Gambling Disorder.

Salatino A, Miccolis R, Gammeri R, Ninghetto M, Belli F, Nobili M, Mouraux A, Ricci R.

J Gambl Stud. 2021 Jul 2. doi: 10.1007/s10899-021-10050-1. Online ahead of print.

PMID: 34213750

In recent years, it has been suggested that the application of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which plays a key role in top-down inhibitory control and impulsivity, may represent a new therapeutic approach for …

Effects of Mindfulness Training on Emotion Regulation in Patients With Depression: Reduced Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation Indexes Early Beneficial Changes.

Barnhofer T, Reess TJ, Fissler M, Winnebeck E, Grimm S, Gärtner M, Fan Y, Huntenburg JM, Schroeter TA, Gummersbach M, Bajbouj M, Hölzel BK.

Psychosom Med. 2021 Jul-Aug 01;83(6):579-591. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000955.

PMID: 34213860 Clinical Trial.

RESULTS: Activation decreased in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in response to angry faces after MBI (p < .01, voxel-wise family-wise error rate correction, T > 3.282; 56 mm3; Montreal Neurological Institute peak coordinate: 32, 24, 40), but not aft

…

High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for migraine prevention: A protocol for a systematic review of controlled trials.

Mohamad Safiai NI, Mohamad NA, Basri H, Inche Mat LN, Hoo FK, Abdul Rashid AM, Yusof Khan AHK, Loh WC, Baharin J, Fernandez A, Samsudin IN, Mohamed MH, Siew MC, Lee KW, Ramachandran V, Pozo-Rosich P, Wan Sulaiman WA.

PLoS One. 2021 Jun 17;16(6):e0251528. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251528. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34138860 Free PMC article.

In migraine patients, two common stimulation sites are the M1 cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The mechanism on how rTMS exerts therapeutic effects on migraine is not fully established, but the main postulation is that the neuromodulation via high- …

Continuous theta-burst stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impairs visuospatial working memory performance in medium load task.

Ngetich R, Li W, Jin D, Zhang J, Jin Z, Li L.

Neuroreport. 2021 Jun 9;32(9):808-814. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001666.

PMID: 33994528

More importantly, there is evidence suggesting the role of frontal and parietal cortical areas in VSWM and especially, the influence of the frontal cortex in regulating goal-directed behavior. However, the functional role of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex …

Transient Modulation of Working Memory Performance and Event-Related Potentials by Transcranial Static Magnetic Field Stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.

Chen X, Watanabe T, Kubo N, Yunoki K, Matsumoto T, Kuwabara T, Sunagawa T, Date S, Mima T, Kirimoto H.

Brain Sci. 2021 Jun 2;11(6):739. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11060739.

PMID: 34199505 Free PMC article.

To better understand the neuromodulatory effect of tSMS, this study investigates whether tSMS applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) modulates working memory (WM) performance and its associated event-related potentials (ERPs). ...

Functional connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predicts cocaine relapse: implications for neuromodulation treatment.

Zhai T, Salmeron BJ, Gu H, Adinoff B, Stein EA, Yang Y.

Brain Commun. 2021 Jun 2;3(2):fcab120. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab120. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34189458 Free PMC article.

However, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is an anatomically large and functionally heterogeneous region, and the specific dorsolateral prefrontal cortex locus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-based functional circuits that contribute to drug relapse and/ …

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Modulates Connectivity of Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex with Distributed Cortical Networks.

Kim K, Sherwood MS, McIntire LK, McKinley RA, Ranganath C.

J Cogn Neurosci. 2021 Jun 1;33(7):1381-1395. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01725.

PMID: 34496406

Anodal direct current stimulation was applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC; cathode on the right bicep), which belongs to the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) and is commonly targeted for neuromodulation of various cognitive functions including s …

The impact of acute exercise on implicit cognitive reappraisal in association with left dorsolateral prefronta activation: A fNIRS study.

Zhang Y, Shi W, Wang H, Liu M, Tang D.

Behav Brain Res. 2021 May 21;406:113233. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113233. Epub 2021 Mar 15.

PMID: 33737088

Participants underwent an implicit cognitive reappraisal task twice, before and after the 30-min acute exercise or control, alongside functional near-infrared spectroscopy recordings (NIRS). The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and left orbital frontal cortex …

The Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex for Speech and Language Processing.

Hertrich I, Dietrich S, Blum C, Ackermann H.

Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 May 17;15:645209. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.645209. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 34079444 Free PMC article.

This review article summarizes various functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) that are related to language processing. To this end, its connectivity with the left-dominant perisylvian language network was considered, as well as its interaction with other f …

Anodal tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces Stroop errors. A comparison of different tasks and designs.

Perrotta D, Bianco V, Berchicci M, Quinzi F, Perri RL.

Behav Brain Res. 2021 May 7;405:113215. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113215. Epub 2021 Mar 1.

PMID: 33662440

In the present work, we evaluated the possibility to induce changes in the inhibitory control through non-invasive excitatory stimulation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). To this aim, different montages of the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) were adopted in t …

GABA concentrations in the anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices: Associations with chronic cigarette smoking, neurocognition, and decision making.

Durazzo TC, Meyerhoff DJ.

Addict Biol. 2021 May;26(3):e12948. doi: 10.1111/adb.12948. Epub 2020 Aug 10.

PMID: 33860602

This study compared chronic smokers (n = 33) and nonsmokers (n = 31) on anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) GABA+ (the sum of GABA and coedited macromolecules) concentrations and associations of GABA+ levels in these regi …

Effects of combined theta burst stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on stress.

De Smet S, Baeken C, De Raedt R, Pulopulos MM, Razza LB, Van Damme S, De Witte S, Brunoni AR, Vanderhasselt MA.

Clin Neurophysiol. 2021 May;132(5):1116-1125. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.01.025. Epub 2021 Mar 10.

PMID: 33773176

Studies investigating the combination of tDCS and iTBS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are lacking. In this within-subjects study, we evaluated the additive effects of iTBS with tDCS on psychophysiological measures of stress. ...

A double-blind sham-controlled phase 1 clinical trial of tDCS of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cocaine inpatients: Craving, sleepiness, and contemplation to change.

Gaudreault PO, Sharma A, Datta A, Nakamura-Palacios EM, King S, Malaker P, Wagner A, Vasa D, Parvaz MA, Parra LC, Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ.

Eur J Neurosci. 2021 May;53(9):3212-3230. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15172. Epub 2021 Mar 18.

PMID: 33662163 Clinical Trial.

Impaired inhibitory control accompanied by enhanced salience attributed to drug-related cues, both associated with function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), are hallmarks of drug addiction, contributing to worse symptomatology including craving. dlPFC modulat …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates visuospatial distractor suppression.

Jin Z, Xie K, Ni X, Jin DG, Zhang J, Li L.

Eur J Neurosci. 2021 May;53(10):3394-3403. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15164. Epub 2021 Mar 17.

PMID: 33650122 Free PMC article.

In this study, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate the causal role of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a crucial brain area for attentional control, in distractor suppression. ...

The effect of high-frequency rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the resolution of response, semantic and task conflict in the colour-word Stroop task.

Parris BA, Wadsley MG, Arabaci G, Hasshim N, Augustinova M, Ferrand L.

Brain Struct Funct. 2021 May;226(4):1241-1252. doi: 10.1007/s00429-021-02237-4. Epub 2021 Feb 19.

PMID: 33608822 Free PMC article.

Previous work investigating the effect of rTMS of left Dorso-Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) on Stroop task performance reports no changes to the Stroop effect but reduced reaction times on both congruent and incongruent trials relative to sham stimulation; an effect att …

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Alters Emotional Modulation of Spinal Nociception.

Slepian PM, France CR, Rhudy JL, Clark BC.

J Pain. 2021 May;22(5):509-519. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2020.10.007. Epub 2020 Nov 27.

PMID: 33253818

The current study sought to examine whether emotional modulation of pain could be altered through the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to enhance (via anodal stimulation) or depress (via cathodal stimulation) cortical excitability in the dorsolateral prefront …

Null Effect of Transcranial Static Magnetic Field Stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on Behavioral Performance in a Go/NoGo Task.

Watanabe T, Kubo N, Chen X, Yunoki K, Matsumoto T, Kuwabara T, Sunagawa T, Date S, Mima T, Kirimoto H.

Brain Sci. 2021 Apr 11;11(4):483. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11040483.

PMID: 33920398 Free PMC article.

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate whether transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS), which can modulate cortical excitability, would influence inhibitory control function when applied over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Young healt …

Cognitive behavioral based group psychotherapy focusing on repetitive negative thinking: Decreased uncontrollability of rumination is related to brain perfusion increases in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Baeken C, Wu GR, Rogiers R, Remue J, Lemmens GM, Raedt R.

J Psychiatr Res. 2021 Apr;136:281-287. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.011. Epub 2021 Feb 13.

PMID: 33621914

Compared to the DTCG, this decrease on UOR in the CBGP group was related to significant perfusion increases in the left (dorsolateral) prefrontal cortex, part of the executive network. Besides the fact that CBGP significantly reduced RNT, this attenuation of uncontrollable …

Publisher Correction: Transcriptome-scale spatial gene expression in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Maynard KR, Collado-Torres L, Weber LM, Uytingco C, Barry BK, Williams SR, Catallini JL 2nd, Tran MN, Besich Z, Tippani M, Chew J, Yin Y, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM, Rao N, Hicks SC, Martinowich K, Jaffe AE.

Nat Neurosci. 2021 Apr;24(4):612. doi: 10.1038/s41593-021-00817-5.

PMID: 33603232 No abstract available.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Improves Cognitive Control in Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Behavioral and Neurophysiological Study.

Dubreuil-Vall L, Gomez-Bernal F, Villegas AC, Cirillo P, Surman C, Ruffini G, Widge AS, Camprodon JA.

Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2021 Apr;6(4):439-448. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.11.006. Epub 2020 Nov 25.

PMID: 33549516 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

METHODS: Patients performed three experimental sessions in which they received 30 minutes of 2 mA anodal tDCS targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 30 minutes of 2 mA anodal tDCS targeting the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and 30 minutes of sham …

Transcranial direct current stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves response inhibition.

Chen T, Wang H, Wang X, Zhu C, Zhang L, Wang K, Yu F.

Int J Psychophysiol. 2021 Apr;162:34-39. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.01.014. Epub 2021 Jan 23.

PMID: 33497765 Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: A number of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is a critical brain region for response inhibition. ...

No Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on Temporal Attention.

London RE, Slagter HA.

J Cogn Neurosci. 2021 Apr;33(4):756-768. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01679. Epub 2021 Jan 19.

PMID: 33464163

We examined whether this gating process can be modulated by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC)-a region known to play a key role in working memory and conscious access. ...

Differential and unique patterns of synaptic miRNA expression in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of depressed subjects.

Yoshino Y, Roy B, Dwivedi Y.

Neuropsychopharmacology. 2021 Apr;46(5):900-910. doi: 10.1038/s41386-020-00861-y. Epub 2020 Sep 12.

PMID: 32919404 Free PMC article.

Here, we examined the role of miRNAs and their functioning at the synapse in MDD by examining miRNA processing machinery at synapse and sequencing miRNAs and analyzing their functions in synaptic and total tissue fractions obtained from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPF …

Dysregulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in elderly patients with schizophrenia.

Kim P, Scott MR, Meador-Woodruff JH.

Mol Psychiatry. 2021 Apr;26(4):1321-1331. doi: 10.1038/s41380-019-0537-7. Epub 2019 Oct 2.

PMID: 31578497 Free PMC article.

In this study, we measured protein expression and phosphorylation states of UPR sensor pathway proteins in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of 22 matched pairs of elderly SCZ and comparison subjects. ...

Functional and Structural Connectivity Between the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Insula Could Predict the Antidepressant Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.

Fu Y, Long Z, Luo Q, Xu Z, Xiang Y, Du W, Cao Y, Cheng X, Du L.

Front Neurosci. 2021 Mar 26;15:645936. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645936. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 33841087 Free PMC article.

Functional and structural connectivity between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and bilateral insula were measured, and the connectivity strength in each modality was then correlated to the clinical efficacy of rTMS. ...The structural connectivity strength b …

High-Frequency and Low-Intensity Patterned Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex as Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Report of 3 Cases.

Castillo-Aguilar L, Ríos-Ponce AE, Albano de Mendonca E, Villafuerte G.

Case Rep Psychiatry. 2021 Mar 19;2021:5563017. doi: 10.1155/2021/5563017. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 33828869 Free PMC article.

We report the application of high-frequency and low-intensity patterned magnetic pulses over the left prefrontal dorsolateral cortex in three subjects diagnosed with clinical major depressive disorder. ...

Expression of Concern: 24-Hour Rhythms of DNA Methylation and Their Relation with Rhythms of RNA Expression in the Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.

PLOS Genetics Editors.

PLoS Genet. 2021 Mar 19;17(3):e1009470. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009470. eCollection 2021 Mar.

PMID: 33739977 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation-Induced Effects Over the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Differences in the Task Types of Task Switching.

Wang Z, Zhu R, You X.

Front Psychol. 2021 Mar 18;12:630239. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.630239. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 33815217 Free PMC article.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been previously used to investigate the causal relationships between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and task switching but has delivered inconclusive results that may be due to different switching tasks involvi …

Using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation to investigate the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in explicit sequence learning.

Ballard HK, Eakin SM, Maldonado T, Bernard JA.

PLoS One. 2021 Mar 18;16(3):e0246849. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246849. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 33735211 Free PMC article.

Skill acquisition may be subserved, in part, by interactions between the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex through a cerebello-thalamo-prefrontal network. In prior work, we investigated this network by targeting the cerebellum; here, we explored the consequence of stimulati …

Improving Emotion Regulation Through Real-Time Neurofeedback Training on the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Evidence From Behavioral and Brain Network Analyses.

Yu L, Long Q, Tang Y, Yin S, Chen Z, Zhu C, Chen A.

Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 Mar 17;15:620342. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.620342. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 33815078 Free PMC article.

During the training period, the participants were instructed to up-regulate their right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) activity according to real-time functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neurofeedback signals, and there was no emotional element. ...

A Causal Role for the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Avoidance of Risky Choices and Making Advantageous Selections.

Obeso I, Herrero MT, Ligneul R, Rothwell JC, Jahanshahi M.

Neuroscience. 2021 Mar 15;458:166-179. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.035. Epub 2021 Jan 19.

PMID: 33476698

Neuroimaging evidence suggests that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is involved in exploration and risky decision-making, but the nature of its computations and its causal role remain uncertain. ...

Single-Pulse TMS to the Temporo-Occipital and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Evokes Lateralized Long Latency EEG Responses at the Stimulation Site.

Jarczok TA, Roebruck F, Pokorny L, Biermann L, Roessner V, Klein C, Bender S.

Front Neurosci. 2021 Mar 12;15:616667. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.616667. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 33790732 Free PMC article.

One sample of healthy adults received TMS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; another sample received TMS to the temporo-occipital cortex. We analyzed late negative TEP deflections corresponding to the N100 component in motor cortex stimulation. RESULTS: T …

Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) delivered via dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on central post-stroke pain and depression: a case report.

Hassan AB, Danazumi MS, Abdullahi A, Yakasai AM.

Physiother Theory Pract. 2021 Mar 2:1-8. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2021.1891591. Online ahead of print.

PMID: 33648417

However, it is not known if tDCS delivered via dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can be used to ameliorate both symptoms.Objective: The purpose of this case report was to share the effectiveness of using tDCS of the DLPFC with short inter-session intervals to reduce c …

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Functional Connectivity Predicts Working Memory Training Gains.

Faraza S, Waldenmaier J, Dyrba M, Wolf D, Fischer FU, Knaepen K, Kollmann B, Tüscher O, Binder H, Mierau A, Riedel D, Fellgiebel A, Teipel S.

Front Aging Neurosci. 2021 Mar 1;13:592261. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.592261. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 33732134 Free PMC article.

A decrease in working memory performance is associated with age-related changes in functional activation patterns in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Cognitive training can improve cognitive performance in healthy older adults. ...

Transcriptome-scale spatial gene expression in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Maynard KR, Collado-Torres L, Weber LM, Uytingco C, Barry BK, Williams SR, Catallini JL 2nd, Tran MN, Besich Z, Tippani M, Chew J, Yin Y, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM, Rao N, Hicks SC, Martinowich K, Jaffe AE.

Nat Neurosci. 2021 Mar;24(3):425-436. doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-00787-0. Epub 2021 Feb 8.

PMID: 33558695 Free PMC article.

We used the 10x Genomics Visium platform to define the spatial topography of gene expression in the six-layered human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We identified extensive layer-enriched expression signatures and refined associations to previous laminar markers. ...

Effects of 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the vegetative state.

Ge X, Zhang Y, Xin T, Luan X.

Exp Ther Med. 2021 Mar;21(3):206. doi: 10.3892/etm.2021.9626. Epub 2021 Jan 13.

PMID: 33500699 Free PMC article.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during vegetative state (VS). Between May 2017 and November 2018, 95 patients were treated in the Co …

Transcranial direct current stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has distinct effects on choices involving risk and ambiguity.

Xiong G, She Z, Zhao J, Zhang H.

Behav Brain Res. 2021 Feb 26;400:113044. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113044. Epub 2020 Dec 3.

PMID: 33279644

Human's uncertain decision-making involves choices of risk (with known probabilities) and ambiguity (with unknown probabilities). ...To clarify the causal role of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in uncertain situations, we used transcranial direct c …

Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation Over the DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex (DLPFC) in Healthy Subjects Produces No Cumulative Effect on Cortical Excitability.

Bouaziz N, Laidi C, Thomas F, Schenin-King Andrianisaina P, Moulier V, Januel D.

Front Psychiatry. 2021 Feb 18;12:626479. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626479. eCollection 2021.

PMID: 33679482 Free PMC article.

Methods: Using a randomized double-blind, sham-controlled trial, 30 healthy volunteers received either iTBS or a sham treatment targeting the left DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex (L-DLPFC), twice a day over 5 consecutive days. Cortical excitability was measured before and a …

Independent Contributions of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Structure and Function to Working Memory in Healthy Older Adults.

Evangelista ND, O'Shea A, Kraft JN, Hausman HK, Boutzoukas EM, Nissim NR, Albizu A, Hardcastle C, Van Etten EJ, Bharadwaj PK, Smith SG, Song H, Hishaw GA, DeKosky S, Wu S, Porges E, Alexander GE, Marsiske M, Cohen R, Woods AJ.

Cereb Cortex. 2021 Feb 5;31(3):1732-1743. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa322.

PMID: 33188384 Free PMC article.

Age-related differences in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) structure and function have each been linked to working memory. ...

Effectiveness of Unihemispheric Concurrent Dual-Site Stimulation over M1 and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation on Pain Processing: A Triple Blind Cross-Over Control Trial.

Gurdiel-Álvarez F, González-Zamorano Y, Lerma Lara S, Gómez-Soriano J, Taylor J, Romero JP, Gómez Jiménez M, Fernández-Carnero J.

Brain Sci. 2021 Feb 4;11(2):188. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11020188.

PMID: 33557028 Free PMC article.

BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the motor cortex (M1) produces short-term inhibition of pain. Unihemispheric concurrent dual-site tDCS (UHCDS-tDCS) over the M1 and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has greater effects on cortical e …

Functional Effects of Bilateral Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Modulation During Sequential Decision-Making: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study With Offline Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.

Schommartz I, Dix A, Passow S, Li SC.

Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 Feb 3;14:605190. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.605190. eCollection 2020.

PMID: 33613203 Free PMC article.

Offline tDCS and sham stimulation were applied over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in young male adults (N = 29, mean age = 23.4 years, SD = 3.2) in a double-blind between-subject design using a three-state Markov decision task. ...

Alterations of neurometabolism in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and thalamus in transition to psychosis patients change under treatment as usual - A two years follow-up 1H/31P-MR-spectroscopy study.

Smesny S, Berberich D, Gussew A, Schönfeld N, Langbein K, Walther M, Reichenbach JR.

Schizophr Res. 2021 Feb;228:7-18. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.063. Epub 2021 Jan 9.

PMID: 33429152

Dissociating cognitive, behavioral and physiological stress-related responses through dorsolateral prefrontal cortex inhibition.

Era V, Carnevali L, Thayer JF, Candidi M, Ottaviani C.

Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021 Feb;124:105070. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105070. Epub 2020 Dec 1.

PMID: 33310375

The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) has been implicated in the regulation of stress-related cognitive processes and physiological responses and is the principal target of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques applied to psychiatric conditions. ...

Transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves dual-task gait performance in patients with Parkinson's disease: A double blind, sham-controlled study.

Mishra RK, Thrasher AT.

Gait Posture. 2021 Feb;84:11-16. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.11.012. Epub 2020 Nov 16.

PMID: 33260076

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in pharmacological treatments and surgical processes, the problem of impaired dual-tasking persists in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cort …

Age-related decline in visuo-spatial working memory is reflected by dorsolateral prefrontal activation and cognitive capabilities.

Kronovsek T, Hermand E, Berthoz A, Castilla A, Gallou-Guyot M, Daviet JC, Perrochon A.

Behav Brain Res. 2021 Feb 1;398:112981. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112981. Epub 2020 Nov 2.

PMID: 33144176

We assessed the effects of age on cerebral oxygenation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in VSWM tasks in reaching and navigational space. We also assessed cognitive correlates of VSWM performance in each space. ...

Glutamate in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of 1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies.

Kaminski J, Mascarell-Maricic L, Fukuda Y, Katthagen T, Heinz A, Schlagenhauf F.

Biol Psychiatry. 2021 Feb 1;89(3):270-277. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.001. Epub 2020 Sep 8.

PMID: 33129486

BACKGROUND: To date, there is no systematic overview of glutamate in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of patients with schizophrenia. Here, we meta-analyzed case-control studies of high-field proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) investigating glutama …

Dorsolateral prefrontal circuit effective connectivity mediates the relationship between white matter structure and PASAT-3 performance in multiple sclerosis.

Meng D, Welton T, Elsarraj A, Morgan PS, das Nair R, Constantinescu CS, Evangelou N, Auer DP, Dineen RA.

Hum Brain Mapp. 2021 Feb 1;42(2):495-509. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25239. Epub 2020 Oct 19.

PMID: 33073920 Free PMC article.

Three decades ago a series of parallel circuits were described involving the frontal cortex and deep grey matter structures, with putative roles in control of motor and oculomotor function, cognition, behaviour and emotion. The circuit comprising the dorsolateral prefronta …

The interaction between cannabis use and a CB1-related polygenic co-expression index modulates dorsolateral prefrontal activity during working memory processing.

Taurisano P, Pergola G, Monda A, Antonucci LA, Di Carlo P, Piarulli F, Passiatore R, Papalino M, Romano R, Monaco A, Rampino A, Bonvino A, Porcelli A, Popolizio T, Bellotti R, Bertolino A, Blasi G.

Brain Imaging Behav. 2021 Feb;15(1):288-299. doi: 10.1007/s11682-020-00256-z.

PMID: 32124274

Results revealed an interaction between cannabis use and CNR1-PCI in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), with a positive relationship between CNR1-PCI and DLPFC activity in cannabis users and a negative relationship in non-users. ...

Effects of β-Lactolin on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow within the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex during Working Memory Task in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Ano Y, Kita M, Kobayashi K, Koikeda T, Kawashima R.

J Clin Med. 2021 Jan 28;10(3):480. doi: 10.3390/jcm10030480.

PMID: 33525551 Free PMC article.

Accordingly, the beta-lactolin group had significantly higher changes in total hemoglobin at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) area measured using the left-side channel during the 2-back tasks (p = 0.027) compared to the placebo group. ...

Molecular pathology associated with altered synaptic transcriptome in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of depressed subjects.

Yoshino Y, Roy B, Kumar N, Shahid Mukhtar M, Dwivedi Y.

Transl Psychiatry. 2021 Jan 22;11(1):73. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-01159-9.

PMID: 33483466 Free PMC article.

Here, we have examined altered synaptic transcriptomics and their functional relevance in MDD with a focus on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). RNA was isolated from total fraction and purified synaptosomes of dlPFC from well-matched 15 non-psychiatric controls a …

The role of dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the processing of emotional dimensions.

Nejati V, Majdi R, Salehinejad MA, Nitsche MA.

Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 21;11(1):1971. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81454-7.

PMID: 33479323 Free PMC article.

The ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are two major prefrontal regions that usually interact in serving different cognitive functions. ...Twenty- two healthy adult participants (mean age 25.21 3.84 years) were recruited and received anodal and sham transcrani …

The effect of tDCS applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on cycling performance and the modulation of exercise induced pain.

Judge M, Hopker J, Mauger AR.

Neurosci Lett. 2021 Jan 19;743:135584. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135584. Epub 2020 Dec 19.

PMID: 33352276

Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Evoked Potential Amplitudes and Latencies in the Motor and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex among Young, Older Healthy Participants, and Schizophrenia Patients.

Noda Y, Barr MS, Zomorrodi R, Cash RFH, Lioumis P, Chen R, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM.

J Pers Med. 2021 Jan 17;11(1):54. doi: 10.3390/jpm11010054.

PMID: 33477346 Free PMC article.

BACKGROUND: The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroencephalography (EEG) allows for non-invasive investigation of cortical response and connectivity in human cortex. This study aimed to examine the amplitudes and latencies of each TMS-evoked …

Verbal Fluency in Mild Alzheimer's Disease: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.

Smirni D, Oliveri M, Misuraca E, Catania A, Vernuccio L, Picciolo V, Inzerillo F, Barbagallo M, Cipolotti L, Turriziani P.

J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;81(3):1273-1283. doi: 10.3233/JAD-210003.

PMID: 33935089

BACKGROUND: Recent studies showed that in healthy controls and in aphasic patients, inhibitory trains of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the right prefrontal cortex can improve phonemic fluency performance, while anodal transcranial direct current …

Corrigendum to "Repeated stimulation of the dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex improves executive dysfunctions and craving in drug addiction: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study" [Brain Stimul 13 (3) (2020) 582-593].

Alizadehgoradel J, Nejati V, Sadeghi Movahed F, Imani S, Taherifard M, Mosayebi-Samani M, Vicario CM, Nitsche MA, Salehinejad MA.

Brain Stimul. 2021 Jan-Feb;14(1):182. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.12.012. Epub 2021 Jan 5.

PMID: 33418301 Free article. No abstract available.

Visual responses in the dorsolateral frontal cortex of marmoset monkeys.

Feizpour A, Majka P, Chaplin TA, Rowley D, Yu HH, Zavitz E, Price NSC, Rosa MGP, Hagan MA.

J Neurophysiol. 2021 Jan 1;125(1):296-304. doi: 10.1152/jn.00581.2020. Epub 2020 Dec 16.

PMID: 33326337 Free article.

These results constrain the possible interpretations about the location of the marmoset FEF and suggest that the marmoset model's significant advantages for the use of physiological techniques may be leveraged in the study of visuomotor cognition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Behav …

Methamphetamine seeking after prolonged abstinence is associated with activated projections from anterior intralaminar nucleus of thalamus to dorsolateral striatum in female rats.

Davis IR, Coldren SA, Li X.

Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2021 Jan;200:173087. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173087. Epub 2020 Dec 11.

PMID: 33309825

On abstinence day 26, we tested rats for relapse to Meth seeking and measured Fos (a neuronal activity marker), and double-labeling of CTb and Fos in anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, AIT, and paraf …

Laminar Differences in the Targeting of Dendritic Spines by Cortical Pyramidal Neurons and Interneurons in Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.

Glausier JR, Datta D, Fish KN, Chung DW, Melchitzky DS, Lewis DA.

Neuroscience. 2021 Jan 1;452:181-191. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.022. Epub 2020 Nov 16.

PMID: 33212224 Free PMC article.

Activation of specific neural circuits in different layers of the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is essential for working memory, a core cognitive function. ...

Effects of blocking mGluR5 on primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortical neuronal firing and working memory performance.

Yang ST, Wang M, Galvin V, Yang Y, Arnsten AFT.

Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2021 Jan;238(1):97-106. doi: 10.1007/s00213-020-05661-2. Epub 2020 Sep 16.

PMID: 32939596 Free PMC article.

RATIONALE: Metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor (mGluR5) antagonists are under development for treating cognitive disorders such as Fragile X syndrome and Alzheimer's disease, largely based on success in mouse models, where post-synaptic mGluR5 stimulation weakens synapt …

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Subcallosal Cingulate Connectivity Show Preferential Antidepressant Response in Major Depressive Disorder.

Chin Fatt CR, Cooper C, Jha MK, Aslan S, Grannemann B, Kurian B, Greer TL, Fava M, Weissman M, McGrath PJ, Parsey RV, Etkin A, Phillips ML, Trivedi MH.

Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2021 Jan;6(1):20-28. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.06.019. Epub 2020 Jul 8.

PMID: 32921587 Clinical Trial.

Seed-based functional connectivity was computed using 4 bilateral seeds (2 spheres defined bilaterally): amygdala, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), subcallosal cingulate cortex, and ventral striatum. ...CONCLUSIONS: The level of functional connectivity seeded …

Causal Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Belief Updating under Uncertainty.

Schulreich S, Schwabe L.

Cereb Cortex. 2021 Jan 1;31(1):184-200. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa219.

PMID: 32820317

Recent correlative evidence suggests that a frontoparietal network including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) supports belief updating under uncertainty, but whether the dlPFC serves a "causal" role in this process is currently not clear. ...

A multimodal study of the effects of tDCS on dorsolateral prefrontal and temporo-parietal areas during dichotic listening.

Marquardt L, Kusztrits I, Craven AR, Hugdahl K, Specht K, Hirnstein M.

Eur J Neurosci. 2021 Jan;53(2):449-459. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14932. Epub 2020 Aug 25.

PMID: 32746504

The anode and cathode were placed over the left temporo-parietal cortex (TPC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, respectively. Before and after simultaneous dichotic listening/fMRI/tDCS, combined glutamate and glutamine (Glx) and myo-inositol levels were assessed i …

SMAD4 protein is decreased in the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in schizophrenia.

Gibbons AS, Hoyer D, Dean B.

World J Biol Psychiatry. 2021 Jan;22(1):70-77. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2020.1733081. Epub 2020 Mar 2.

PMID: 32081064

A recent transcriptomic analysis of post-mortem, cortical tissue from subjects with schizophrenia found decreased mRNA expression of SMAD2 and SMAD4 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) associated with the disorder. To expand this initial finding, we sought to det …

Involvement of the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Numerical Rule Induction: A Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study.

Yao Y, Jia X, Luo J, Chen F, Liang P.

Front Hum Neurosci. 2020 Dec 23;14:566675. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.566675. eCollection 2020.

PMID: 33424561 Free PMC article.

Given that the checking effect involves cognitive control processes, such as the incongruent resolution, that are linked to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), this study hypothesizes that the right DLPFC may play a specific role in the checking process. ...

Mindfulness training preserves sustained attention and resting state anticorrelation between default-mode network and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A randomized controlled trial.

Bauer CCC, Rozenkrantz L, Caballero C, Nieto-Castanon A, Scherer E, West MR, Mrazek M, Phillips DT, Gabrieli JDE, Whitfield-Gabrieli S.

Hum Brain Mapp. 2020 Dec 15;41(18):5356-5369. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25197. Epub 2020 Sep 24.

PMID: 32969562 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

At baseline, better performance on a sustained-attention task correlated with greater anticorrelation between the default mode network (DMN) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a key node of the central executive network. Following the interventions, children …

Bilateral Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex High-Definition Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation Improves Time-Trial Performance in Elite Cyclists.

Pollastri L, Gallo G, Zucca M, Filipas L, La Torre A, Riba U, Molino L, Geda E.

Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020 Dec 4;16(2):224-231. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0910.

PMID: 33276322 Clinical Trial.

RESULTS: The total time to complete the TT was 1.3% faster (HD-tDCS: 1212 [52] s vs SHAM: 1228 [56] s; P = .04) and associated with a higher heart rate (P < .001) and a tendency toward higher mean power output (P = .05). ...CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that

…

Cell-Type-Specific Transcriptomic Analysis in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Reveals Distinct Mitochondrial Abnormalities in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder.

Dwivedi Y.

Am J Psychiatry. 2020 Dec 1;177(12):1107-1109. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20101455.

PMID: 33256451 No abstract available.

Training negative connectivity patterns between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and amygdala through fMRI-based neurofeedback to target adolescent socially-avoidant behaviour.

Lisk S, Kadosh KC, Zich C, Haller SP, Lau JY.

Behav Res Ther. 2020 Dec;135:103760. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103760. Epub 2020 Oct 27.

PMID: 33137695

We used fMRI-based neurofeedback (NF) to increase 'adaptive' patterns of negative connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the amygdala to change reappraisal ability, and alter social avoidance and approach behaviours in adolescents. ...

Influence of theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on emotion processing in healthy volunteers.

Dumitru A, Rocchi L, Saini F, Rothwell JC, Roiser JP, David AS, Richieri RM, Lewis G, Lewis G.

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2020 Dec;20(6):1278-1293. doi: 10.3758/s13415-020-00834-0. Epub 2020 Sep 30.

PMID: 33000366 Free PMC article.

We investigated the effects of intermittent TBS (iTBS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on the processing of emotional information (word recall and categorization, facial emotion recognition, and decision-making) in 28 healthy volunteers by contrasting …

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex hyperactivity during inhibitory control in children with ADHD in the antisaccade task.

Fernandez-Ruiz J, Hakvoort Schwerdtfeger RM, Alahyane N, Brien DC, Coe BC, Munoz DP.

Brain Imaging Behav. 2020 Dec;14(6):2450-2463. doi: 10.1007/s11682-019-00196-3.

PMID: 31493141

While both groups showed activations in saccade network areas, the ADHD showed significant hyperactivation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the preparatory stage. No other areas in the saccade network had significant activation differences between groups. ...

Mapping Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) in Macaque Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Postsynaptic Compartmentalization in Layer III Pyramidal Cell Circuits.

Datta D, Enwright JF, Arion D, Paspalas CD, Morozov YM, Lewis DA, Arnsten AFT.

Front Neuroanat. 2020 Nov 20;14:578483. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2020.578483. eCollection 2020.

PMID: 33328902 Free PMC article.

cAMP signaling has powerful, negative effects on cognitive functions of the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), opening potassium channels to reduce firing and impair working memory, and increasing tau phosphorylation in aging neurons. ...Previous work has focu …

Relationship between depression and dorsolateral prefronto-thalamic tract injury in patients with mild traumatic brain injury.

Jang SH, Kwon HG.

Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 12;10(1):19728. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76889-3.

PMID: 33184443 Free PMC article.

The role of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in attentional bias.

Knight HC, Smith DT, Ellison A.

Neuropsychologia. 2020 Nov;148:107631. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107631. Epub 2020 Sep 22.

PMID: 32976854

Overexpression of complement component C4 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, superior temporal gyrus and associative striatum of patients with schizophrenia.

Rey R, Suaud-Chagny MF, Bohec AL, Dorey JM, d'Amato T, Tamouza R, Leboyer M.

Brain Behav Immun. 2020 Nov;90:216-225. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.019. Epub 2020 Aug 19.

PMID: 32827700 Free article.

Overexpression of C4 genes has been identified in the total cerebral cortex and in 6 different brain regions of schizophrenic patients compared to controls. ...Consistently with a previous report, we found C4 overexpression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and …

Dorsolateral Striatal proBDNF Improves Reversal Learning by Enhancing Coordination of Neural Activity in Rats.

Sun W, Che H, Li J, Tang D, Liu X, Liu W, An L.

Mol Neurobiol. 2020 Nov;57(11):4642-4656. doi: 10.1007/s12035-020-02051-9. Epub 2020 Aug 8.

PMID: 32770453

Reversal learning induced increases in endogenous neuronal proBDNF, with a strong correlation between DLS and infralimbic cortex (IL), but not prelimbic cortex (PL) or sensory-motor cortex (SM). ...

Objectively measured physical activity is associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volume in older adults.

Northey JM, Rattray B, Pumpa KL, Pryor DJ, Fraser MA, Shaw ME, Anstey KJ, Cherbuin N.

Neuroimage. 2020 Nov 1;221:117150. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117150. Epub 2020 Jul 12.

PMID: 32668298 Free article.

METHODS: PA was measured objectively with a SenseWear Armband to examine the cross-sectional associations between the duration of light, moderate and vigorous intensity PA with gray matter volume in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and hippocampus in 167 (female: …

A Randomized Sham-controlled Trial of 1-Hz and 10-Hz Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) of the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Civilian Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Un essai randomisé contrôlé simulé de stimulation magnétique transcrânienne repetitive (SMTr) de 1 Hz et 10 Hz du cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral droit dans le trouble de stress post-traumatique chez des civils.

Leong K, Chan P, Ong L, Zwicker A, Willan S, Lam RW, McGirr A.

Can J Psychiatry. 2020 Nov;65(11):770-778. doi: 10.1177/0706743720923064. Epub 2020 May 7.

PMID: 32379487 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

The evidence base to date suggests that rTMS targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), in particular the right DLPFC, leads to improvements in PTSD symptoms. ...

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Task-Switching Performance: Effects of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.

Wang Z, Zhu R, Rehman AU, You X.

Neuroscience. 2020 Oct 15;446:94-101. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.020. Epub 2020 Aug 25.

PMID: 32858145 Clinical Trial.

In recent years, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) technology had been used to investigate the causal relationship between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and task-switching performance. However, the effects of anodal-tDCS (a-tDCS) on task switching …

Non-immersive 3D virtual stimulus alter the time production task performance and increase the EEG theta power in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Martins E Silva DC, Marinho V, Teixeira S, Teles G, Marques J, Escórcio A, Fernandes T, Freitas AC, Nunes M, Ayres M, Ayres C, Marques JB, Cagy M, Gupta DS, Bastos VH.

Int J Neurosci. 2020 Oct 6:1-11. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1826945. Online ahead of print.

PMID: 32962509

In addition, the electroencephalographic analysis of the theta band power in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was done simultaneously with time production task execution. ...There is also increased EEG theta power in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in all …

M2 cortex-dorsolateral striatum stimulation reverses motor symptoms and synaptic deficits in Huntington's disease.

Fernández-García S, Conde-Berriozabal S, García-García E, Gort-Paniello C, Bernal-Casas D, García-Díaz Barriga G, López-Gil J, Muñoz-Moreno E, Soria G, Campa L, Artigas F, Rodríguez MJ, Alberch J, Masana M.

Elife. 2020 Oct 5;9:e57017. doi: 10.7554/eLife.57017.

PMID: 33016873 Free PMC article.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurological disorder characterized by motor disturbances. HD pathology is most prominent in the striatum, the central hub of the basal ganglia. The cerebral cortex is the main striatal afferent, and progressive cortico-striatal discon …

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) on Cognitive-Motor Dual Control Skills.

Lee J, Dong S, Jeong J, Yoon B.

Percept Mot Skills. 2020 Oct;127(5):803-822. doi: 10.1177/0031512520935695. Epub 2020 Jul 13.

PMID: 32660347 Clinical Trial.

This randomized crossover study investigated whether anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefontal cortex (dlPFC) modulates memory-guided finger isometric maintenance during single motor and dual cognitive-motor tasks, based on elect …

Anxiety and Stress Alter Decision-Making Dynamics and Causal Amygdala-Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Circuits During Emotion Regulation in Children.

Warren SL, Zhang Y, Duberg K, Mistry P, Cai W, Qin S, Bostan SN, Padmanabhan A, Carrion VG, Menon V.

Biol Psychiatry. 2020 Oct 1;88(7):576-586. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.011. Epub 2020 Feb 21.

PMID: 32331823 Free PMC article.

Neuroimaging studies have implicated the amygdala and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in emotion regulation, but how anxiety and stress alter their context-specific causal circuit interactions is not known. ...

Functional coupling of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor to Gαq/11 in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from patients with psychiatric disorders: a postmortem study.

Odagaki Y, Kinoshita M, Meana JJ, Callado LF, García-Sevilla JA.

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020 Oct;270(7):869-880. doi: 10.1007/s00406-019-01088-9. Epub 2019 Dec 5.

PMID: 31807862

The following two sample cohorts were used: subjects [1], consisting of 40 controls without neuropsychiatric disorders, and subjects [2], consisting of 20 with bipolar disorder (BP), 20 major depressive disorder (MDD), 20 schizophrenia, and 20 controls, strictly sex- and age-matc …

Theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation induced functional connectivity changes between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and default-mode-network.

Shang Y, Chang D, Zhang J, Peng W, Song D, Gao X, Wang Z.

Brain Imaging Behav. 2020 Oct;14(5):1955-1963. doi: 10.1007/s11682-019-00139-y.

PMID: 31197581

Compared to SHAM, the repetitive TMS (rTMS) reduces FC between the cTBS target: the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) and brain regions within the default mode network (DMN), proving the effects of rTMS on FC. ...

β-lactolin increases cerebral blood flow in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Ano Y, Kobayashi K, Hanyuda M, Kawashima R.

Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Sep 29;12(18):18660-18675. doi: 10.18632/aging.103951. Online ahead of print.

PMID: 32989176 Free PMC article.

Dairy product consumption, including beta-lactolin, is beneficial for their cognitive function. The underlying mechanism of beta-lactolin's effects on human brain activity is yet to be investigated. We examined the beta-lactolin effects on human cerebral blood flow (CBF) u …

The superior frontal longitudinal tract: a connection between the dorsal premotor and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices.

Bakhit M, Fujii M, Hiruta R, Yamada M, Iwami K, Sato T, Saito K.

Sci Rep. 2020 Sep 28;10(1):15855. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73001-7.

PMID: 32985573 Free PMC article.

A few studies have identified the structural connection between the premotor area and the lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as the frontal longitudinal system (FLS). This study investigated the existence of a direct segment (none U-fibre) of the superior part of the FLS (s …

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex response to negative tweets relates to executive functioning.

Tashjian SM, Galván A.

Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2020 Sep 24;15(7):775-787. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa101.

PMID: 32756878 Free PMC article.

Social media often elicits emotional reactions, but, despite social media's ubiquity, cognitive and neural consequences of exposure to negative online content are relatively unknown. ...Affect post-tweet was associated with parametric reductions in left dorsolateral prefro …

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-based control with an implanted brain-computer interface.

Leinders S, Vansteensel MJ, Branco MP, Freudenburg ZV, Pels EGM, Van der Vijgh B, Van Zandvoort MJE, Ramsey NF, Aarnoutse EJ.

Sci Rep. 2020 Sep 22;10(1):15448. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71774-5.

PMID: 32963279 Free PMC article.

The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of using the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as a signal source for brain-computer interface control in people with severe motor impairment. ...The implanted system (Utrecht NeuroProsthesis) included electrode strips p …

Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Parkinson's Disease.

Zhuang S, Wang FY, Gu X, Wu JJ, Mao CJ, Gui H, Chen J, Liu CF.

Parkinsons Dis. 2020 Sep 14;2020:7295414. doi: 10.1155/2020/7295414. eCollection 2020.

PMID: 33005318 Free PMC article.

BACKGROUND: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising therapeutic tool for Parkinson's disease (PD), and many stimulation targets have been implicated. We aim to explore whether low-frequency rTMS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex …

Individual Baseline Performance and Electrode Montage Impact on the Effects of Anodal tDCS Over the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.

Splittgerber M, Salvador R, Brauer H, Breitling-Ziegler C, Prehn-Kristensen A, Krauel K, Nowak R, Ruffini G, Moliadze V, Siniatchkin M.

Front Hum Neurosci. 2020 Sep 8;14:349. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00349. eCollection 2020.

PMID: 33100989 Free PMC article.

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC), can produce significant effects on working memory (WM) performance and associated neurophysiological activity. ...

Cognitive framing modulates emotional processing through dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex networks: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Kirk U, Lilleholt L, Freedberg D.

Brain Behav. 2020 Sep;10(9):e01761. doi: 10.1002/brb3.1761. Epub 2020 Aug 4.

PMID: 32749046 Free PMC article.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we show new evidence for the role of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC-DLPFC) networks in the cognitive framing of emotional processing. ...

Neither Cathodal nor Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex alone or Applied During Moderate Aerobic Exercise Modulates Executive Function.

Thomas F, Pixa NH, Berger A, Cheng MY, Doppelmayr M, Steinberg F.

Neuroscience. 2020 Sep 1;443:71-83. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.017. Epub 2020 Jul 16.

PMID: 32682826

Two weeks of image-guided left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves smoking cessation: A double-blind, sham-controlled, randomized clinical trial.

Li X, Hartwell KJ, Henderson S, Badran BW, Brady KT, George MS.

Brain Stimul. 2020 Sep-Oct;13(5):1271-1279. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.06.007. Epub 2020 Jun 10.

PMID: 32534252 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC) transiently reduces smoking craving, decreases cigarette consumption, and increases abstinence rates. ...

Repeated transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex improves executive functions, cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation, and control over emotional processing in borderline personality disorder: A randomized, sham-controlled, parallel-group study.

Molavi P, Aziziaram S, Basharpoor S, Atadokht A, Nitsche MA, Salehinejad MA.

J Affect Disord. 2020 Sep 1;274:93-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.007. Epub 2020 May 20.

PMID: 32469838 Clinical Trial.

Here, we investigated the effect of increasing activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with repeated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on (1) executive dysfunctions and (2) whether improving cognitive control affects emotion dysregulation and em …

Context-dependency in the Cognitive Bias Task and Resting-state Functional Connectivity of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.

Panikratova Y, Dobrushina O, Tomyshev A, Akhutina T, Pechenkova E, Sinitsyn V, Vlasova R.

J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2020 Sep;26(8):749-762. doi: 10.1017/S1355617720000302. Epub 2020 Apr 28.

PMID: 32342829

The present study is the first to analyze whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), involved in contextual agent-centered DM. METHOD: We compared whole-brain resting-state FC of the DLPFC between CD (n = 24) and CI (n = 22) hea …

Causal Role of the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Organizational Fairness Perception: Evidence From a Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study.

Li X, Xiong G, Dong Z, Cai S, Zhao J, She Z, Guo Y.

Front Behav Neurosci. 2020 Aug 28;14:134. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00134. eCollection 2020.

PMID: 33005132 Free PMC article.

The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) plays an essential role in social decision-making. ...

Protocol for a controlled, randomized, blind, clinical trial to assess the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation dorsolateral prefrontal cortex associated with balance training using games in the postural balance of older people.

Kunitake AI, Corrêa JCF, Nascimento KS, de Oliveira BBC, Muniz NM, Silva SM, Corrêa FI.

F1000Res. 2020 Aug 21;9:1018. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.25164.2. eCollection 2020.

PMID: 33335715 Free PMC article.

Aims: This study aims to evaluate the additional effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) applied on dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex on training postural balance with the use of video games in the aged. ...The training will be carried out twice a w …

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activity during a Brain Training Game Predicts Cognitive Improvements after Four Weeks' Brain Training Game Intervention: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Nouchi R, Kawata NYDS, Saito T, Himmelmeier RM, Nakamura R, Nouchi H, Kawashima R.

Brain Sci. 2020 Aug 15;10(8):560. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10080560.

PMID: 32824185 Free PMC article.

RESULTS: The BT showed significant improvements in inhibition, processing speed, and working memory performance compared to ACT. The left and right DLPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) brain activities during the BT at baseline were associated with improvements in inhibi …

The Ventral Part of Dorsolateral Frontal Area 8A Regulates Visual Attentional Selection and the Dorsal Part Auditory Attentional Selection.

Germann J, Petrides M.

Neuroscience. 2020 Aug 10;441:209-216. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.057. Epub 2020 Jun 6.

PMID: 32512135

The allocation of attention to specific target stimuli is key to pursue a task successfully and attain a goal in an environment that is full of distractions and competing stimuli. Area 8A in the caudal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is considered a central area for the top …

Assessing the Effects of Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation Over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on Human Cognition: A Systematic Review.

Ngetich R, Zhou J, Zhang J, Jin Z, Li L.

Front Integr Neurosci. 2020 Aug 4;14:35. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00035. eCollection 2020.

PMID: 32848648 Free PMC article.

Conversely, continuous theta burst stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impaired executive function, working, auditory feedback regulation, and cognitive control but accelerated the planning, decision-making process. These findings constitute a useful c …

Intermittent theta burst stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex accelerates visuomotor adaptation with delayed feedback.

Song Y, Adams S, Legon W.

Cortex. 2020 Aug;129:376-389. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.033. Epub 2020 May 25.

PMID: 32574841

We tested the causative involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in an adaptive reaching task by employing excitatory intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) to left or right DLPFC during learning to adapt to a sudden large visual rotation with delayed ter …

Higher levels of α7 nicotinic receptors, but not choline acetyltransferase, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from a sub-group of patients with schizophrenia.

Dean B, Pavey G, Scarr E.

Schizophr Res. 2020 Aug;222:283-290. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.034. Epub 2020 Jun 2.

PMID: 32507381

Hence, we have studied a number of cholinergic markers in the cortex from a sub-group of subjects with schizophrenia that have a marked decrease in levels of muscarinic M1 receptors (MRDS). ...

Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation at the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on the Cognitive Function in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.

Stonsaovapak C, Hemrungroj S, Terachinda P, Piravej K.

Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2020 Aug;101(8):1279-1287. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.03.023. Epub 2020 May 11.

PMID: 32437690 Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of anodal transcranial direct stimulation (atDCS) of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on cognitive function and side effects in patients with mild cognitive impairment. ...

Comparing the effects of multi-session anodal trans-cranial direct current stimulation of primary motor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices on fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial.

Mortezanejad M, Ehsani F, Masoudian N, Zoghi M, Jaberzadeh S.

Clin Rehabil. 2020 Aug;34(8):1103-1111. doi: 10.1177/0269215520921506. Epub 2020 May 12.

PMID: 32397748 Clinical Trial.

CONCLUSION: Both primary motor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex a-tDCS as compared to sham intervention can immediately improve fatigue and quality of life. However, the effects last up to four weeks only by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex a-tDCS....

Resting-state and task-based centrality of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predict resilience to 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Fitzsimmons SMDD, Douw L, van den Heuvel OA, van der Werf YD, Vriend C.

Hum Brain Mapp. 2020 Aug 1;41(11):3161-3171. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25005. Epub 2020 May 12.

PMID: 32395892 Free PMC article.

A previous study by our group showed that "virtually lesioning" the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC; important for cognitive flexibility) using 1 Hz rTMS reduced performance on a set-shifting task. ...

The interaction between OXTR rs2268493 and perceived maternal care is associated with amygdala-dorsolateral prefrontal effective connectivity during explicit emotion processing.

Antonucci LA, Pergola G, Passiatore R, Taurisano P, Quarto T, Dispoto E, Rampino A, Bertolino A, Cassibba R, Blasi G.

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020 Aug;270(5):553-565. doi: 10.1007/s00406-019-01062-5. Epub 2019 Aug 30.

PMID: 31471679

A crucial biological mechanism subtending emotional processing is the amygdala-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) functional connection. On this basis, our aim was to investigate the interaction between rs2268493 and maternal care on amygdala-DLPFC effective connectivi …

Oxytocin modulates the effective connectivity between the precuneus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Kumar J, Iwabuchi SJ, Völlm BA, Palaniyappan L.

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020 Aug;270(5):567-576. doi: 10.1007/s00406-019-00989-z. Epub 2019 Feb 7.

PMID: 30734090 Clinical Trial.

We used Granger Causality Analysis for the first time to probe the role of oxytocin on brain networks and found that oxytocin reverses the pattern of effective connectivity between the bilateral precuneus and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), a key central e …

Examining the Dorsolateral and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in the Self-Attention Network: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Parallel Group, Double-Blind, and Multichannel HD-tDCS Study.

Martínez-Pérez V, Campoy G, Palmero LB, Fuentes LJ.

Front Neurosci. 2020 Jul 14;14:683. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00683. eCollection 2020.

PMID: 32760241 Free PMC article.

The self-attention network, an integrative theoretical framework for understanding the self-prioritization effects (SPE), proposes that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) are the two nodes responsible for the prefe …

A sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and its effects on craving in patients with alcohol dependence.

Raikwar S, Divinakumar KJ, Prakash J, Khan SA, GuruPrakash KV, Batham S.

Ind Psychiatry J. 2020 Jul-Dec;29(2):245-250. doi: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_53_19. Epub 2021 Mar 15.

PMID: 34158708 Free PMC article.

AIM: The aim of this study is to study the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) therapy over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in craving in drug-naive male inpatients of alcohol dependence syndrome. ...Daily sessions of rTMS were ad …

Contribution of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation, ankle muscle activities, and coactivation during dual-tasks to postural steadiness: a pilot study.

Fujita N, Kunimune S, Okada S.

J Phys Ther Sci. 2020 Jul;32(7):467-472. doi: 10.1589/jpts.32.467. Epub 2020 Jul 3.

PMID: 32753789 Free PMC article.

[Purpose] To examine the influence of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activation, ankle muscle activities, and coactivation on postural steadiness during dual-tasks. ...[Results] The results revealed that oxy-Hb in the left DLPFC increased significantly in all parti …

Study on Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Neurochemical Metabolite Levels of Patients with Major Depression Using H-MRS Technique.

Şendur İ, Kalkan Oğuzhanoğlu N, Sözeri Varma G.

Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2020 Summer;31(2):75-83. doi: 10.5080/u22978.

PMID: 32594494 Free article. English, Turkish.

METHOD: The study included 30 patients, diagnosed with moderate/ severe non-chronic major depression disorder (NC-MDD) according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, and 30 healthy individuals as the control group. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) areas of the patie …

A role for the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in enhancing regulation of both craving and negative emotions in internet gaming disorder: A randomized trial.

Wu LL, Potenza MN, Zhou N, Kober H, Shi XH, Yip SW, Xu JH, Zhu L, Wang R, Liu GQ, Zhang JT.

Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020 Jul;36:29-37. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.04.003. Epub 2020 May 21.

PMID: 32446706 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

Impaired executive control over craving and negative emotions contributes to compulsive addictive behaviors. Neuroimaging evidence has implicated the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in regulating craving or emotions. This study aims at examining whether anodal transcranial direct …

MIR137 polygenic risk is associated with schizophrenia and affects functional connectivity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Liu S, Li A, Liu Y, Li J, Wang M, Sun Y, Qin W, Yu C, Jiang T, Liu B.

Psychol Med. 2020 Jul;50(9):1510-1518. doi: 10.1017/S0033291719001442. Epub 2019 Jun 26.

PMID: 31239006

We then consistently found that a higher MIR137 PRS was correlated with lower functional connectivities between the DLPFC and both the superior parietal cortex and the inferior temporal cortex in two independent cohorts. ...

Dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex track distinct properties of dynamic social behavior.

McDonald KR, Pearson JM, Huettel SA.

Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2020 Jun 23;15(4):383-393. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa053.

PMID: 32382757 Free PMC article.

Two key cognitive processes characterized behavior in our task: (i) the coupling of one's actions to another's actions (i.e. opponent sensitivity) and (ii) the advantageous timing of a given strategic action. We found that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex d …

Antidepressive effect of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neurofeedback in patients with major depressive disorder: A preliminary report.

Takamura M, Okamoto Y, Shibasaki C, Yoshino A, Okada G, Ichikawa N, Yamawaki S.

J Affect Disord. 2020 Jun 15;271:224-227. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.080. Epub 2020 Apr 15.

PMID: 32479320 Free article. Clinical Trial.

In this study, the antidepressant effect of neurofeedback training for left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity was examined. Methods Six patients with MDD completed 5 days of neurofeedback training sessions. ...

Stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impacts conflict resolution in Level-1 visual perspective taking.

Qureshi AW, Bretherton L, Marsh B, Monk RL.

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2020 Jun;20(3):565-574. doi: 10.3758/s13415-020-00786-5.

PMID: 32378060 Free PMC article.

Perspective-taking is a key part of this capacity, and while previous research has suggested that calculating another's perspective is relatively straightforward, executive function is required to resolve the conflict between the self and that other perspective. Previous s …

Label-free proteomics differences in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex between bipolar disorder patients with and without psychosis.

Ho AM, Cabello-Arreola A, Markota M, Heppelmann CJ, Charlesworth MC, Ozerdem A, Mahajan G, Rajkowska G, Stockmeier CA, Frye MA, Choi DS, Veldic M.

J Affect Disord. 2020 Jun 1;270:165-173. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.105. Epub 2020 Apr 8.

PMID: 32339108 Free PMC article.

Since the molecular mechanism of BD psychosis is elusive, we conducted this study to explore the proteomic differences associated with BD psychosis in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; BA9). METHODS: Postmortem DLPFC gray matter tissues from five pairs of age-matc …

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High-Frequency Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined With Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Distinct Activation Patterns Associated With Different Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation Sites.Caparelli EC, Schleyer B, Zhai T, Gu H, Abulseoud OA, Yang Y.Neuromodulation. 2022 Apr 10:S1094-7159(22)00557-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.03.002. Online ahead of print.PMID: 35418339Despite having promising treatment efficacy, the fundamental neural mechanisms of TMS remain understudied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 15 healthy adult participants received simultaneous TMS and functional magnetic resonance imaging to map the modulatory e …

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Elevated ad libitum alcohol consumption following continuous theta burst stimulation to the left-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is partially mediated by changes in craving.McNeill AM, Monk RL, Qureshi AW, Makris S, Cazzato V, Heim D.Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2022 Feb;22(1):160-170. doi: 10.3758/s13415-021-00940-7. Epub 2021 Aug 19.PMID: 34410618 Free PMC article.

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Fearful facial expressions reduce inhibition levels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with specific phobia.Pokorny L, Besting L, Roebruck F, Jarczok TA, Bender S.Depress Anxiety. 2022 Jan;39(1):26-36. doi: 10.1002/da.23217. Epub 2021 Oct 7.PMID: 34617644However, there is little research on the DLPFC in specific phobia. METHODS: Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we investigated the TMS-evoked potential component N100 in the DLPFC at rest and while watching emotional expressions. The TMS-evoked N1 …

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Low-beta repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during object recognition memory sample presentation, at a task-related frequency observed in local field potentials in homologous macaque cortex, impairs subsequent recollection but not familiarity.Wu Z, Kavanova M, Hickman L, Boschin EA, Galeazzi JM, Verhagen L, Ainsworth M, Pedreira C, Buckley MJ.Eur J Neurosci. 2021 Dec;54(11):7918-7945. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15535. Epub 2021 Dec 2.PMID: 34796568 Free PMC article.Neither stimulation protocols had any causal effect upon behaviour when targeted to the control site (vertex). In this study, our hypotheses for our human TMS study were derived from our observations in NHPs; this approach might inspire further translational research throu …

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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex excitability abnormalities in Alzheimer's Dementia: Findings from transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography study.Joseph S, Knezevic D, Zomorrodi R, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Voineskos A, Wang W, Rajji TK, Kumar S.Int J Psychophysiol. 2021 Nov;169:55-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.08.008. Epub 2021 Sep 6.PMID: 34499960Cortical evoked activity (CEA) between 25 and 80 ms post-TMS stimulus was calculated as the primary measure of cortical excitability. TMS-evoked potential peak (TEP) amplitudes (P30, N45 and P60) were also calculated. ...

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Stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with slow rTMS enhances verbal memory formation.van der Plas M, Braun V, Stauch BJ, Hanslmayr S.PLoS Biol. 2021 Sep 28;19(9):e3001363. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001363. eCollection 2021 Sep.PMID: 34582432 Free PMC article.We here present an incidental finding from a simultaneous EEG-TMS experiment as well as a replication of this unexpected effect. ...

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High-frequency rTMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on chronic and provoked pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Che X, Cash RFH, Luo X, Luo H, Lu X, Xu F, Zang YF, Fitzgerald PB, Fitzgibbon BM.Brain Stimul. 2021 Sep-Oct;14(5):1135-1146. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.07.004. Epub 2021 Jul 16.PMID: 34280583 Free article. Review.The left side DLPFC was uniformly targeted in the chronic pain studies. While our data identified no overall effect of TMS across chronic pain conditions, there was a significant short-term analgesia in neuropathic pain conditions only (SMD = -0.87). ...

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates visuospatial distractor suppression.Jin Z, Xie K, Ni X, Jin DG, Zhang J, Li L.Eur J Neurosci. 2021 May;53(10):3394-3403. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15164. Epub 2021 Mar 17.PMID: 33650122 Free PMC article.Specifically, 10-Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS) was applied to the right DLPFC and Vertex at the stimuli onset (stimuli-onset TMS) or 500 ms prior to the stimuli onset (prestimuli TMS). ...Notably, the location cueing effect was eliminated by stimuli-onset TMS …

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The effect of high-frequency rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the resolution of response, semantic and task conflict in the colour-word Stroop task.Parris BA, Wadsley MG, Arabaci G, Hasshim N, Augustinova M, Ferrand L.Brain Struct Funct. 2021 May;226(4):1241-1252. doi: 10.1007/s00429-021-02237-4. Epub 2021 Feb 19.PMID: 33608822 Free PMC article.

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Single-Pulse TMS to the Temporo-Occipital and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Evokes Lateralized Long Latency EEG Responses at the Stimulation Site.Jarczok TA, Roebruck F, Pokorny L, Biermann L, Roessner V, Klein C, Bender S.Front Neurosci. 2021 Mar 12;15:616667. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.616667. eCollection 2021.PMID: 33790732 Free PMC article.However, there is uncertainty whether long-latency TMS-evoked potentials reflect functioning of the targeted cortical area. ...One sample of healthy adults received TMS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; another sample received TMS to the temporo-occipita …

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Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Evoked Potential Amplitudes and Latencies in the Motor and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex among Young, Older Healthy Participants, and Schizophrenia Patients.Noda Y, Barr MS, Zomorrodi R, Cash RFH, Lioumis P, Chen R, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM.J Pers Med. 2021 Jan 17;11(1):54. doi: 10.3390/jpm11010054.PMID: 33477346 Free PMC article.BACKGROUND: The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroencephalography (EEG) allows for non-invasive investigation of cortical response and connectivity in human cortex. This study aimed to examine the amplitudes and latencies of each TMS …

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Theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation induced functional connectivity changes between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and default-mode-network.Shang Y, Chang D, Zhang J, Peng W, Song D, Gao X, Wang Z.Brain Imaging Behav. 2020 Oct;14(5):1955-1963. doi: 10.1007/s11682-019-00139-y.PMID: 31197581While the distributed effects of TMS are postulated to be through either structural or functional connectivity, an understudied but of great scientific interest question is whether TMS can change the FC between these regions. The purpose of this study was to address …

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Two weeks of image-guided left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves smoking cessation: A double-blind, sham-controlled, randomized clinical trial.Li X, Hartwell KJ, Henderson S, Badran BW, Brady KT, George MS.Brain Stimul. 2020 Sep-Oct;13(5):1271-1279. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.06.007. Epub 2020 Jun 10.PMID: 32534252 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.

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Resting-state and task-based centrality of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predict resilience to 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.Fitzsimmons SMDD, Douw L, van den Heuvel OA, van der Werf YD, Vriend C.Hum Brain Mapp. 2020 Aug 1;41(11):3161-3171. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25005. Epub 2020 May 12.PMID: 32395892 Free PMC article.We aimed to determine whether this behavioural response was related to topological features of pre-TMS resting-state and task-based functional networks. 1 Hz (inhibitory) rTMS was applied to the left dlPFC in 16 healthy participants, and to the vertex in 17 participants as …

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Stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impacts conflict resolution in Level-1 visual perspective taking.Qureshi AW, Bretherton L, Marsh B, Monk RL.Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2020 Jun;20(3):565-574. doi: 10.3758/s13415-020-00786-5.PMID: 32378060 Free PMC article.Previous studies have shown that theory of mind is selectively impaired by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, it has been hitherto unclear as to which specific aspect of perspective-taking is impacted. ...

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Induced Suppression of the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Favorably Changes Interhemispheric Communication During Bimanual Coordination in Older Adults-A Neuronavigated rTMS Study.Verstraelen S, van Dun K, Duque J, Fujiyama H, Levin O, Swinnen SP, Cuypers K, Meesen RLJ.Front Aging Neurosci. 2020 May 26;12:149. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00149. eCollection 2020.PMID: 32547388 Free PMC article.Recent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) research indicated that the ability of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to disinhibit the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) during motor preparation is an important predictor for bimanual motor performance in b …

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Twice-Daily Theta Burst Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Methamphetamine Craving: A Pilot Study.Zhao D, Li Y, Liu T, Voon V, Yuan TF.Front Neurosci. 2020 Mar 25;14:208. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00208. eCollection 2020.PMID: 32273837 Free PMC article.OBJECTIVES: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) holds potential promise as a therapeutic modality for disorders of addiction. ...

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A case series of a novel 1 Hz right-sided dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rTMS protocol in major depression.Miron JP, Voetterl H, Mansouri F, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ, Downar J.Brain Stimul. 2020 Mar-Apr;13(2):372-374. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.11.006. Epub 2019 Nov 9.PMID: 31740189 Free article. No abstract available.

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Intranetwork and Internetwork Effects of Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Using Low- and High-Frequency Pulse Application to the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: A Combined rTMS-fMRI Approach.Zhang H, Sollmann N, Castrillón G, Kurcyus K, Meyer B, Zimmer C, Krieg SM.J Clin Neurophysiol. 2020 Mar;37(2):131-139. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000528.PMID: 30335664PURPOSE: Although transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is routinely applied in neuroscience and clinical settings, not much is known about its effects on brain networks. ...CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the first studies using neuronavigated TMS with independent co …

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Subcortical Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation (iTBS) Increases Theta-Power in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC).Bentley JN, Irwin ZT, Black SD, Roach ML, Vaden RJ, Gonzalez CL, Khan AU, El-Sayed GA, Knight RT, Guthrie BL, Walker HC.Front Neurosci. 2020 Jan 31;14:41. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00041. eCollection 2020.PMID: 32082113 Free PMC article.Although we lack robust treatment options for these symptoms, recent studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), applying intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), suggest beneficial effects for certain aspects of cogn …

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Brain oscillation-synchronized stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depression using real-time EEG-triggered TMS.Zrenner B, Zrenner C, Gordon PC, Belardinelli P, McDermott EJ, Soekadar SR, Fallgatter AJ, Ziemann U, Müller-Dahlhaus F.Brain Stimul. 2020 Jan-Feb;13(1):197-205. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.10.007. Epub 2019 Oct 12.PMID: 31631058 Free article. Clinical Trial.BACKGROUND: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is an effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), but response rates are low and effect sizes small. Synchronizing TMS pulses with instantaneous …

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Dorsolateral prefrontal γ-aminobutyric acid in patients with treatment-resistant depression after transcranial magnetic stimulation measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Levitt JG, Kalender G, O’Neill J, Diaz JP, Cook IA, Ginder N, Krantz D, Minzenberg MJ, Vince-Cruz N, Nguyen LD, Alger JR, Leuchter AF.J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2019 Nov 1;44(6):386-394. doi: 10.1503/jpn.180230.PMID: 31199104 Free PMC article.

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Repetitive TMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates the error positivity: An ERP study.Masina F, Tarantino V, Vallesi A, Mapelli D.Neuropsychologia. 2019 Oct;133:107153. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107153. Epub 2019 Aug 6.PMID: 31398426

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More subjects are required for ventrolateral than dorsolateral prefrontal TMS because of intolerability and potential drop-out.Han S, Ogawa A, Osada T, Suda A, Tanaka M, Nanjo H, Shimo Y, Hattori N, Konishi S.PLoS One. 2019 Jun 3;14(6):e0217826. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217826. eCollection 2019.PMID: 31158248 Free PMC article.Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the human lateral prefrontal cortex, particularly the ventral region, often causes considerable discomfort to subjects. ...To predict the additional number of subjects required for the stimulation of the dorsolateral and ventrolat …

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Altered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Electroencephalographic Markers of Inhibition and Excitation in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Major Depressive Disorder.Voineskos D, Blumberger DM, Zomorrodi R, Rogasch NC, Farzan F, Foussias G, Rajji TK, Daskalakis ZJ.Biol Psychiatry. 2019 Mar 15;85(6):477-486. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.032. Epub 2018 Oct 18.PMID: 30503506 Clinical Trial.BACKGROUND: The neurophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) has become a particular focus of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) investigational studies. TMS combined with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) affords a window to directly measure evoked …

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High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates sensorimotor cortex function in the transition to sustained muscle pain.De Martino E, Seminowicz DA, Schabrun SM, Petrini L, Graven-Nielsen T.Neuroimage. 2019 Feb 1;186:93-102. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.076. Epub 2018 Nov 1.PMID: 30391344Muscle pain scores and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were collected (Day-0, Day-3, Day-5). Assessment of motor cortical excitability using TMS (mapping cortical ECRB muscle representation) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) from electrical stimulation of the righ …

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Continuous Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Inhibitory Control and Increases Alcohol Consumption.McNeill A, Monk RL, Qureshi AW, Makris S, Heim D.Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2018 Dec;18(6):1198-1206. doi: 10.3758/s13415-018-0631-3.PMID: 30132267 Free PMC article.The relationship between stimulation and consumption did not appear to be mediated by inhibitory control in the present study. Overall, findings suggest that applying TMS to the rDLPFC may inhibit neural activity and increase alcohol consumption. ...

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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bridges bilateral primary somatosensory cortices during cross-modal working memory.Zhao D, Ku Y.Behav Brain Res. 2018 Sep 17;350:116-121. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.053. Epub 2018 May 1.PMID: 29727709In the present study, we applied single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sp-TMS) over the contralateral DLPFC and bilateral SIs of human participants at various time points, while they performed a tactile-visual delayed matching-to-sample task with a 2-second delay …

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Modulation of cortical responses by transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A resting-state EEG and TMS-EEG study.Gordon PC, Zrenner C, Desideri D, Belardinelli P, Zrenner B, Brunoni AR, Ziemann U.Brain Stimul. 2018 Sep-Oct;11(5):1024-1032. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.06.004. Epub 2018 Jun 18.PMID: 29921529 Clinical Trial.Rs-EEG and TMS-EEG were recorded before and after tDCS. RESULTS: Rs-EEG power spectrum analysis showed no difference comparing baseline with post stimulation in any of the tDCS conditions. TMS-EEG evoked potential amplitude decreased in parietal cortex after 1.5 mA …

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Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.Lioumis P, Zomorrodi R, Hadas I, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM.J Vis Exp. 2018 Aug 17;(138):57983. doi: 10.3791/57983.PMID: 30176001 Free PMC article.Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic field pulses. The initiation of cortical activation or its modulation depends on the background activation of the neurons …

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Evidence for the improvement of fatigue in fibromyalgia: A 4-week left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation randomized-controlled trial.Fitzgibbon BM, Hoy KE, Knox LA, Guymer EK, Littlejohn G, Elliot D, Wambeek LE, McQueen S, Elford KA, Lee SJ, Enticott PG, Fitzgerald PB.Eur J Pain. 2018 Aug;22(7):1255-1267. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1213. Epub 2018 Apr 10.PMID: 29542208 Clinical Trial.This novel finding provides impetus for the further investigation of the utility of TMS approaches for the relief of fatigue, an otherwise difficult-to-treat symptom, in fibromyalgia and related disorders....

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Motor facilitation during observation of implied motion: Evidence for a role of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.Mineo L, Fetterman A, Concerto C, Warren M, Infortuna C, Freedberg D, Chusid E, Aguglia E, Battaglia F.Int J Psychophysiol. 2018 Jun;128:47-51. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.04.004. Epub 2018 Apr 6.PMID: 29627584The phenomenon of motor resonance (the increase in motor cortex excitability during observation of actions) has been previously described. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have demonstrated a similar effect during perception of implied motion (IM). ...

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Distinguishing the Roles of Dorsolateral and Anterior PFC in Visual Metacognition.Shekhar M, Rahnev D.J Neurosci. 2018 May 30;38(22):5078-5087. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3484-17.2018. Epub 2018 May 2.PMID: 29720553 Free PMC article.To establish the specific roles of DLPFC and aPFC in metacognition, we used online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to interfere causally with their functioning during confidence generation. Human subjects from both sexes performed a perceptual decision making and p …

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Network-wise cerebral blood flow redistribution after 20 Hz rTMS on left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex.Shang YQ, Xie J, Peng W, Zhang J, Chang D, Wang Z.Eur J Radiol. 2018 Apr;101:144-148. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.02.018. Epub 2018 Feb 19.PMID: 29571788

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Single Session Low Frequency Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Changes Neurometabolite Relationships in Healthy Humans.Bridges NR, McKinley RA, Boeke D, Sherwood MS, Parker JG, McIntire LK, Nelson JM, Fletchall C, Alexander N, McConnell A, Goodyear C, Nelson JT.Front Hum Neurosci. 2018 Mar 26;12:77. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00077. eCollection 2018.PMID: 29632477 Free PMC article.

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Possible Role of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Error Awareness: Single-Pulse TMS Evidence.Masina F, Vallesi A, Di Rosa E, Semenzato L, Mapelli D.Front Neurosci. 2018 Mar 21;12:179. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00179. eCollection 2018.PMID: 29618969 Free PMC article.Methods: Three experiments with three different samples were conducted employing on-line Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). A paired-pulse and a single-pulse on-line TMS paradigm were employed respectively in Experiments 1 and 3, whereas in Experiment 2 a cont …

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Alcohol Impairs N100 Response to Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation.Loheswaran G, Barr MS, Zomorrodi R, Rajji TK, Blumberger DM, Le Foll B, Daskalakis ZJ.Sci Rep. 2018 Feb 21;8(1):3428. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21457-z.PMID: 29467392 Free PMC article.However, no studies have examined the effect of alcohol on the N100 response to TMS stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In the present study, we aimed to explore the effect of alcohol on the DLPFC TMS-evoked N100 response. ...Acute alcohol con …

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Pharmacological Manipulation of Cortical Inhibition in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.Salavati B, Rajji TK, Zomorrodi R, Blumberger DM, Chen R, Pollock BG, Daskalakis ZJ.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018 Jan;43(2):354-361. doi: 10.1038/npp.2017.104. Epub 2017 May 29.PMID: 28553835 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.Cortical inhibition (CI) occurs largely through GABA receptor-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission, which can be modulated by cholinergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic inputs. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to index CI through a paradigm known as l …

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Increased Low-Frequency Resting-State Brain Activity by High-Frequency Repetitive TMS on the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.Xue SW, Guo Y, Peng W, Zhang J, Chang D, Zang YF, Wang Z.Front Psychol. 2017 Dec 22;8:2266. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02266. eCollection 2017.PMID: 29312097 Free PMC article.Thirty-eight young healthy subjects received two sessions of either real rTMS (N = 18, 90% motor-threshold; left DLPFC at 20 Hz) or SHAM TMS (N = 20) and functional magnetic resonance imaging scan during rest in 2 days separated by 48 h. ...

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Evaluation of short interval cortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with schizophrenia.Noda Y, Barr MS, Zomorrodi R, Cash RFH, Farzan F, Rajji TK, Chen R, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM.Sci Rep. 2017 Dec 6;7(1):17106. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17052-3.PMID: 29213090 Free PMC article.Recently, we have established a method to index these functions from the DLPFC using the paired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigms of short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and facilitation (ICF) combined with electroencephalography (EEG). ...Given t …

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Either at left or right, both high and low frequency rTMS of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases cue induced craving for methamphetamine.Liu Q, Shen Y, Cao X, Li Y, Chen Y, Yang W, Yuan TF.Am J Addict. 2017 Dec;26(8):776-779. doi: 10.1111/ajad.12638. Epub 2017 Nov 14.PMID: 29134789 Clinical Trial.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, bilateral frontal hemispheres are effective in modulating the cue induced craving to methamphetamine with rTMS. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: TMS targeting prefrontal cortex is effective for craving modulation; however the mechanism is …

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Demonstration of short-term plasticity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with theta burst stimulation: A TMS-EEG study.Chung SW, Lewis BP, Rogasch NC, Saeki T, Thomson RH, Hoy KE, Bailey NW, Fitzgerald PB.Clin Neurophysiol. 2017 Jul;128(7):1117-1126. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.04.005. Epub 2017 Apr 24.PMID: 28511124METHODS: 10 healthy participants were stimulated with either iTBS, cTBS or sham at F3 electrode. Single- and paired-pulse TMS and concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) were used to assess change in cortical reactivity and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) via …

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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces resting-state insula activity and modulates functional connectivity of the orbitofrontal cortex in cigarette smokers.Li X, Du L, Sahlem GL, Badran BW, Henderson S, George MS.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017 May 1;174:98-105. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.002. Epub 2017 Feb 28.PMID: 28319755 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.RESULTS: Ten non-treatment-seeking, nicotine-dependent, cigarette smokers (6 women, an average age of 39.72 and an average cigarette per day of 17.30) finished the study. rsFMRI results demonstrate that as compared to a single session of sham rTMS, a single session of active rTMS …

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Characterization of the influence of age on GABAA and glutamatergic mediated functions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using paired-pulse TMS-EEG.Noda Y, Zomorrodi R, Cash RF, Barr MS, Farzan F, Rajji TK, Chen R, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM.Aging (Albany NY). 2017 Feb 16;9(2):556-572. doi: 10.18632/aging.101178.PMID: 28209926 Free PMC article.Although neuroimaging studies have demonstrated decreased levels of these substances, direct neurophysiological data investigating the effect of aging in the DLPFC in human subjects is lacking. The advent of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combined with electroence …

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Characterization of Glutamatergic and GABAA-Mediated Neurotransmission in Motor and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Using Paired-Pulse TMS-EEG.Cash RF, Noda Y, Zomorrodi R, Radhu N, Farzan F, Rajji TK, Fitzgerald PB, Chen R, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017 Jan;42(2):502-511. doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.133. Epub 2016 Jul 27.PMID: 27461082 Free PMC article.We investigated whether SICI and ICF could be recorded from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using combined TMS and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG). We first characterized the neural signature of SICI and ICF in M1 in terms of TMS-evoked potentials …

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Spike-timing-dependent plasticity in the human dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex.Casula EP, Pellicciari MC, Picazio S, Caltagirone C, Koch G.Neuroimage. 2016 Dec;143:204-213. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.060. Epub 2016 Aug 31.PMID: 27591116It is debated if this mechanism exists in large-scale cortical networks in humans. We combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) to directly investigate the effects of two paired associative stimulation (PAS) protocols (fr …

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The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in early threat processing: a TMS study.Sagliano L, D'Olimpio F, Panico F, Gagliardi S, Trojano L.Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2016 Dec;11(12):1992-1998. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsw105. Epub 2016 Aug 10.PMID: 27510494 Free PMC article.Previous studies demonstrated that excitatory (high frequency) offline transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) modulates attention allocation on threatening stimuli in non-clinical samples. These studies only e …

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A combined TMS-EEG study of short-latency afferent inhibition in the motor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.Noda Y, Cash RF, Zomorrodi R, Dominguez LG, Farzan F, Rajji TK, Barr MS, Chen R, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM.J Neurophysiol. 2016 Sep 1;116(3):938-48. doi: 10.1152/jn.00260.2016. Epub 2016 May 25.PMID: 27226450 Free PMC article.Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) enables noninvasive neurophysiological investigation of the human cortex. A TMS paradigm of short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) is characterized by attenuation of the motor-evoked po …

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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Induces Brain Morphological Changes in Regions Associated with a Treatment Resistant Major Depressive Episode: An Exploratory Analysis.Lan MJ, Chhetry BT, Liston C, Mann JJ, Dubin M.Brain Stimul. 2016 Jul-Aug;9(4):577-83. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.02.011. Epub 2016 Mar 2.PMID: 27017072 Free PMC article.Specifically, downstream effects of TMS remain to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: This study aims to identify brain structural changes from TMS treatment of a treatment resistant depressive episode through an exploratory analysis. ...These effects may have pote …

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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances working memory.Bagherzadeh Y, Khorrami A, Zarrindast MR, Shariat SV, Pantazis D.Exp Brain Res. 2016 Jul;234(7):1807-1818. doi: 10.1007/s00221-016-4580-1. Epub 2016 Feb 16.PMID: 26884132Even though TMS neuromodulation effects over the left DLPFC have successfully improved WM performance in patients with depression and schizophrenia in a multitude of studies, raising the potential of TMS as a safe efficacious treatment for WM deficits, TMS in …

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Factors to consider when applying transcranial magnetic stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex when resting motor threshold is asymmetric: A case study.Maller JJ, Thomson RH, McQueen S, Elliot D, Fitzgerald PB.Bioelectromagnetics. 2016 Feb;37(2):130-5. doi: 10.1002/bem.21955. Epub 2016 Feb 11.PMID: 26866631Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an increasingly popular tool in treating psychiatric conditions. ...We investigated SCDs in this patient at the M1 hand and DLPFC, and the M1 hand cortical thickness. We also investigated TMS electric field distribution. Th …

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Dissociation of the rostral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during sequence learning in saccades: a TMS investigation.Burke MR, Coats RO.Exp Brain Res. 2016 Feb;234(2):597-604. doi: 10.1007/s00221-015-4495-2. Epub 2015 Nov 13.PMID: 26563164 Free article.To find a causal relationship in these areas, we employed the use of trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Prefrontal areas were stimulated whilst participants performed random or predictable sequence learning tasks at stimulus onset (1st presentation of the sequence o …

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Dissociable Roles of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Frontal Eye Fields During Saccadic Eye Movements.Cameron IG, Riddle JM, D'Esposito M.Front Hum Neurosci. 2015 Nov 16;9:613. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00613. eCollection 2015.PMID: 26635572 Free PMC article.

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A Single Session of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Patients With Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome: Preliminary Results.Naro A, Russo M, Leo A, Bramanti P, Quartarone A, Calabrò RS.Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2015 Aug;29(7):603-13. doi: 10.1177/1545968314562114. Epub 2014 Dec 24.PMID: 25539781As a secondary aim, we investigated the efficacy of rTMS over DLPFC on cortico-cortical connectivity as tested with paired-pulse and dual-coil TMS techniques. METHODS: We enrolled 10 healthy and 10 postanoxic UWS subjects. After clinical assessment, subjects underwent a si …

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Continuous theta burst stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases medium load working memory performance in healthy humans.Schicktanz N, Fastenrath M, Milnik A, Spalek K, Auschra B, Nyffeler T, Papassotiropoulos A, de Quervain DJ, Schwegler K.PLoS One. 2015 Mar 17;10(3):e0120640. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120640. eCollection 2015.PMID: 25781012 Free PMC article.The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a key role in working memory. Evidence indicates that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the DLPFC can interfere with working memory performance. ...

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Cortical inhibition of distinct mechanisms in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is related to working memory performance: a TMS-EEG study.Rogasch NC, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB.Cortex. 2015 Mar;64:68-77. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.10.003. Epub 2014 Oct 22.PMID: 25461708The aim of this study was to assess cortical inhibition of distinct TEPs and oscillations in the DLPFC using TMS-EEG and to investigate the relationship of these mechanisms to working memory. 30 healthy volunteers received single and paired (interstimulus interval = 100 ms …

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Deception rate in a "lying game": different effects of excitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex not found with inhibitory stimulation.Karton I, Palu A, Jõks K, Bachmann T.Neurosci Lett. 2014 Nov 7;583:21-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.020. Epub 2014 Sep 16.PMID: 25233864These findings suggest that propensity to lie can be manipulated by non-invasive excitatory brain stimulation by TMS targeted at DLPFC and the direction of the effect depends on the cortical target locus....

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Inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates early affective processing.Zwanzger P, Steinberg C, Rehbein MA, Bröckelmann AK, Dobel C, Zavorotnyy M, Domschke K, Junghöfer M.Neuroimage. 2014 Nov 1;101:193-203. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.003. Epub 2014 Jul 12.PMID: 25019678Our study confirms the specific and important role of the dlPFC in regulation of early emotional attention and encourages future clinical research to use minimal invasive methods such as transcranial magnetic (TMS) or direct current stimulation (tDCS)....

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The effects of TMS over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on trans-saccadic memory of multiple objects.Tanaka LL, Dessing JC, Malik P, Prime SL, Crawford JD.Neuropsychologia. 2014 Oct;63:185-93. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.025. Epub 2014 Sep 1.PMID: 25192630In the fixation task, left DLPFC TMS produced inconsistent results, whereas right DLPFC TMS disrupted performance at all three intervals (significantly for presaccadic TMS). In contrast, in the saccade task, TMS consistently facilitated performance (si …

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Stimulation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex changes subjective evaluation of percepts.Chiang TC, Lu RB, Hsieh S, Chang YH, Yang YK.PLoS One. 2014 Sep 26;9(9):e106943. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106943. eCollection 2014.PMID: 25259586 Free PMC article.Here, we report a study showing that applying repetitive transmagnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the BA9 in order to interfere with its functional activity resulted in significant increas in guessed responses, compared to three other control conditions (i.e., no-TMS, sham …

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases cue-induced nicotine craving and EEG delta power.Pripfl J, Tomova L, Riecansky I, Lamm C.Brain Stimul. 2014 Mar-Apr;7(2):226-33. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.11.003. Epub 2013 Nov 16.PMID: 24468092BACKGROUND: TMS has high potential as smoking cessation treatment. However, the neural mechanisms underlying TMS induced reduction of tobacco craving remain unclear. ...Participants had to abstain from smoking 6 h before the experiment. Effects of high-frequency rep …

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Dorsolateral prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depression locally affects alpha power of REM sleep.Pellicciari MC, Cordone S, Marzano C, Bignotti S, Gazzoli A, Miniussi C, De Gennaro L.Front Hum Neurosci. 2013 Aug 2;7:433. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00433. eCollection 2013.PMID: 23935577 Free PMC article.Ten drug-resistant depressed patients participated to ten daily sessions of sequential bilateral rTMS with a low-frequency TMS (1 Hz) over right-DLPFC and a subsequent high-frequency (10 Hz) TMS over left-DLPFC. ...

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Processing of featural and configural aspects of faces is lateralized in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a TMS study.Renzi C, Schiavi S, Carbon CC, Vecchi T, Silvanto J, Cattaneo Z.Neuroimage. 2013 Jul 1;74:45-51. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.015. Epub 2013 Feb 20.PMID: 23435211By using rTMS, here we show for the first time a double dissociation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for different aspects of face processing: in particular, TMS over the left middle frontal gyrus (BA8) selectively disrupted featural processing, whereas TMS over t …

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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, working memory and episodic memory processes: insight through transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques.Balconi M.Neurosci Bull. 2013 Jun;29(3):381-9. doi: 10.1007/s12264-013-1309-z. Epub 2013 Feb 6.PMID: 23385388 Free PMC article.Furthermore, with the introduction of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) a new way was proposed to investigate the relationships between brain correlates, memory functions and behavior. ...Furthermore, we present state-of-the-art evidence supporting a possible use of …

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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces nicotine cue craving.Li X, Hartwell KJ, Owens M, Lematty T, Borckardt JJ, Hanlon CA, Brady KT, George MS.Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Apr 15;73(8):714-20. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.003. Epub 2013 Feb 26.PMID: 23485014 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.RESULTS: Stimulation of the left DLFPC with real, but not sham, rTMS reduced craving significantly from baseline (64.15.9 vs. 45.76.4, t = 2.69, p = .018). When compared with neutral cue craving, the effect of real TMS on cue craving was significantly greater than the effe …

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Muscle and timing-specific functional connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the primary motor cortex.Hasan A, Galea JM, Casula EP, Falkai P, Bestmann S, Rothwell JC.J Cogn Neurosci. 2013 Apr;25(4):558-70. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00338. Epub 2012 Dec 18.PMID: 23249357 Free PMC article.Functional imaging, neurophysiological, and animal studies provide evidence for a functional connectivity between the dorsolateral pFC (DLPFC) and the primary motor cortex (M1) during free choice but not instructed choice selection tasks. In this study, twin coil, neuronavigated …

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Left dorsolateral prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): sleep factor changes during treatment in patients with pharmacoresistant major depressive disorder.Rosenquist PB, Krystal A, Heart KL, Demitrack MA, McCall WV.Psychiatry Res. 2013 Jan 30;205(1-2):67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.011. Epub 2012 Sep 25.PMID: 23021320 Clinical Trial.We examined sleep changes during a multicenter, sham-controlled, trial of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) therapy for pharmacoresistant MDD. Medication-free outpatients (N=301) were randomized to receive active (N=155) or sham (N=146) TMS for 6 weeks. ...Str …

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Endogenous opioids mediate left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rTMS-induced analgesia.Taylor JJ, Borckardt JJ, George MS.Pain. 2012 Jun;153(6):1219-1225. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.030. Epub 2012 Mar 22.PMID: 22444187 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.Twenty-four healthy volunteers were randomized to receive real or sham TMS after either intravenous saline or naloxone pretreatment. Acute hot and cold pain via quantitative sensory testing and hot allodynia via block testing on capsaicin-treated skin were assessed at base …

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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation and electrode implant for intractable tinnitus.De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Plazier M, Menovsky T, van de Heyning P, Kovacs S, Sunaert S.World Neurosurg. 2012 May-Jun;77(5-6):778-84. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2011.09.009. Epub 2011 Nov 7.PMID: 22120273When linked with a neuronavigation system, fMRI-guided frontal cortex TMS can be performed in a placebo-controlled way. If it is successful in suppressing tinnitus, this focal and temporary effect can be maintained in perpetuity by implanting a cortical electrode. A neuron …

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Theta burst stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates pathological language switching: A case report.Nardone R, De Blasi P, Bergmann J, Caleri F, Tezzon F, Ladurner G, Golaszewski S, Trinka E.Neurosci Lett. 2011 Jan 10;487(3):378-82. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.060. Epub 2010 Oct 29.PMID: 21036201 Free article.To further investigate the functional involvement of the DLPFC, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) given as theta burst stimulation (TBS) in a bilingual patient showing pathologic language switching after an ischemic stroke involving the left frontal lobe. ... …

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Optimal transcranial magnetic stimulation coil placement for targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using novel magnetic resonance image-guided neuronavigation.Rusjan PM, Barr MS, Farzan F, Arenovich T, Maller JJ, Fitzgerald PB, Daskalakis ZJ.Hum Brain Mapp. 2010 Nov;31(11):1643-52. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20964.PMID: 20162598 Free PMC article.The '5-cm method' and the '10-20 method' for positioning the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil over DLPFC have been scrutinised due to poor targeting accuracies attributed to inter-subject variability. We evaluated the accuracy of such methods to localise the DL …

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Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex interferes with episodic encoding and retrieval for both verbal and non-verbal materials.Gagnon G, Blanchet S, Grondin S, Schneider C.Brain Res. 2010 Jul 16;1344:148-58. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.041. Epub 2010 May 10.PMID: 20462501Data analysis showed a reduced discrimination rate following TMS over the left DLPFC during encoding, as compared to a sham condition. Both hit and discrimination rates were also reduced after TMS over the right DLPFC, compared to TMS over left DLPFC, during …

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The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the inhibition of stereotyped responses.Kadota H, Sekiguchi H, Takeuchi S, Miyazaki M, Kohno Y, Nakajima Y.Exp Brain Res. 2010 Jun;203(3):593-600. doi: 10.1007/s00221-010-2269-4. Epub 2010 May 8.PMID: 20454786The lose group showed higher activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFPC) when compared to the win group. We also delivered transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while the subjects performed the modified RPS task to investigate whether the left DLPFC (mi …

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Disruption of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex facilitates the consolidation of procedural skills.Galea JM, Albert NB, Ditye T, Miall RC.J Cogn Neurosci. 2010 Jun;22(6):1158-64. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21259.PMID: 19413472 Free PMC article.Accordingly, declarative and procedural consolidation processes appear to mutually interact. Here we used TMS to test the hypothesis that functions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) that support declarative memory formation indirectly reduce the formation of pr …

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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during capsaicin-induced pain: modulatory effects on motor cortex excitability.Fierro B, De Tommaso M, Giglia F, Giglia G, Palermo A, Brighina F.Exp Brain Res. 2010 May;203(1):31-8. doi: 10.1007/s00221-010-2206-6. Epub 2010 Mar 16.PMID: 20232062Capsaicin was applied on the dorsal surface of the right hand, and measures of motor corticospinal excitability (test-MEP) and short intracortical inhibition (SICI) and facilitation (ICF) were obtained by paired-pulse TMS on left motor cortex. Evaluations were made before …

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Using 3D-MRI to localize the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in TMS research.Peleman K, Van Schuerbeek P, Luypaert R, Stadnik T, De Raedt R, De Mey J, Bossuyt A, Baeken C.World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;11(2 Pt 2):425-30. doi: 10.1080/15622970802669564.PMID: 19172531Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is currently used as a non-invasive treatment for depression. In most clinical trials, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been selected as the target site for TMS treatment and this region is commonly determin …

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The contribution of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in full and divided encoding: a paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation study.Blanchet S, Gagnon G, Schneider C.Behav Neurol. 2010;23(3):107-15. doi: 10.3233/BEN-2010-0273.PMID: 21098964 Free PMC article.However, TMS over the left DLPFC did not impair performance when compared to sham condition. Conversely, participants produced fewer items after TMS over the right DLPFC in DA encoding compared to sham condition, but not compared to TMS over the left DLPFC. . …

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Exploring the optimal site for the localization of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in brain stimulation experiments.Fitzgerald PB, Maller JJ, Hoy KE, Thomson R, Daskalakis ZJ.Brain Stimul. 2009 Oct;2(4):234-7. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2009.03.002. Epub 2009 Apr 3.PMID: 20633422METHODS: Twelve healthy subjects underwent a structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, a TMS procedure to establish the location of the motor cortex and a neuronavigational procedure to assess the relative position of the DLPFC. ...

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Human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in visual search for conjunctions but not features: a theta TMS study.Kalla R, Muggleton NG, Cowey A, Walsh V.Cortex. 2009 Oct;45(9):1085-90. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.01.005. Epub 2009 Feb 11.PMID: 19269631DLPFC TMS impaired performance on the conjunction search task but was without effect on feature search, similar to findings when TMS is delivered over PPC or FEF. Vertex TMS had no effects whereas MT/V5 TMS significantly improved performance with a tim …

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rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates dopamine release in the ipsilateral anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex.Cho SS, Strafella AP.PLoS One. 2009 Aug 21;4(8):e6725. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006725.PMID: 19696930 Free PMC article.CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence of extrastriatal DA modulation following acute rTMS of DLPFC with its effect limited to the specific areas of medial prefrontal cortex. [(11)C]FLB 457-PET combined with rTMS may allow to explo …

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Suppression of gamma-oscillations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex following long interval cortical inhibition: a TMS-EEG study.Farzan F, Barr MS, Wong W, Chen R, Fitzgerald PB, Daskalakis ZJ.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 May;34(6):1543-51. doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.211. Epub 2008 Nov 26.PMID: 19037204Recently, we reported on novel methods permitting the recording of CI from the DLPFC through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combined with electroencephalography (EEG). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission on ga …

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Repeated high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces cigarette craving and consumption.Amiaz R, Levy D, Vainiger D, Grunhaus L, Zangen A.Addiction. 2009 Apr;104(4):653-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02448.x. Epub 2009 Jan 12.PMID: 19183128 Clinical Trial.Each group was subdivided randomly into two subgroups presented with either smoking-related or neutral pictures just before the daily TMS intervention. Ten daily rTMS sessions were applied every week-day and then a maintenance phase was conducted in which rTMS sessions wer …

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Theta burst stimulation-induced inhibition of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reveals hemispheric asymmetry in striatal dopamine release during a set-shifting task: a TMS-[(11)C]raclopride PET study.Ko JH, Monchi O, Ptito A, Bloomfield P, Houle S, Strafella AP.Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Nov;28(10):2147-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06501.x.PMID: 19046396 Free PMC article.

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Long-interval cortical inhibition from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a TMS-EEG study.Daskalakis ZJ, Farzan F, Barr MS, Maller JJ, Chen R, Fitzgerald PB.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 Nov;33(12):2860-9. doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.22. Epub 2008 Mar 5.PMID: 18322469Several studies have demonstrated that cortical inhibition (CI) can be recorded by paired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex and recorded by surface electromyography (EMG). ...This study, therefore, was designed to investigate whether CI could be m …

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Imbalance between left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in major depression is linked to negative emotional judgment: an fMRI study in severe major depressive disorder.Grimm S, Beck J, Schuepbach D, Hell D, Boesiger P, Bermpohl F, Niehaus L, Boeker H, Northoff G.Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Feb 15;63(4):369-76. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.033. Epub 2007 Sep 21.PMID: 17888408BACKGROUND: Although recent neuroimaging and therapeutic transcranial magnetic cortex stimulation (TMS) studies suggest imbalance between left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in major depressive disorder (MDD) the fundamental neuropsychological characteriz …

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The effect of rTMS over left and right dorsolateral premotor cortex on movement timing of either hand.Pollok B, Rothkegel H, Schnitzler A, Paulus W, Lang N.Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Feb;27(3):757-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06044.x.PMID: 18279328TMS pulses were applied randomly at 40 ms, 80 ms, 120 ms, 160 ms, 200 ms and 240 ms before pacer onset, as taps precede the pacing signal for about 20-60 ms. Again, the analysis revealed that TMS over the left dPMC disturbed synchronization abilities of either hand; …

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Regional cerebral blood flow changes after low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in treatment-resistant depression.Kito S, Fujita K, Koga Y.Neuropsychobiology. 2008;58(1):29-36. doi: 10.1159/000154477. Epub 2008 Sep 10.PMID: 18781088 Free article. Clinical Trial.The aim of the present study was to clarify the alteration in neuroanatomical function elicited by low-frequency TMS of the right DLPFC in treatment-resistant depression and to detect the difference between responders and nonresponders to TMS. ...These results sugge …

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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a possible target for modulating dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.Rektorova I, Sedlackova S, Telecka S, Hlubocky A, Rektor I.Int J Biomed Imaging. 2008;2008:372125. doi: 10.1155/2008/372125.PMID: 18274665 Free PMC article.We aimed at a randomised, controlled study. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation, and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS parts III and IV) were performed prior to, immediately after, and one w …

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Inhibitory control of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the anti-saccade paradigm--a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.Nyffeler T, Müri RM, Bucher-Ottiger Y, Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Gaymard B, Rivaud-Pechoux S.Eur J Neurosci. 2007 Sep;26(5):1381-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05758.x.PMID: 17767514In the present study, we used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to interfere with DLPFC function in 15 healthy subjects. TMS was applied over the right DLPFC either 100 ms before the onset of the visual target (i.e. -100 ms), at target onset (i.e. …

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex disrupts verbal working memory performance in humans.Osaka N, Otsuka Y, Hirose N, Ikeda T, Mima T, Fukuyama H, Osaka M.Neurosci Lett. 2007 May 18;418(3):232-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.087. Epub 2007 Apr 8.PMID: 17467169The role of the executive function in the human left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC) was explored using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) after confirming the LDLPFC activation using fMRI. We applied double-pulse TMS having a 100-ms inter-pulse interva …

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Antidepressant effects of high and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Stern WM, Tormos JM, Press DZ, Pearlman C, Pascual-Leone A.J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007 Spring;19(2):179-86. doi: 10.1176/jnp.2007.19.2.179.PMID: 17431065 Clinical Trial.Patients were randomized to receive 1 Hz or 10 Hz rTMS to the left DLPFC, 1 Hz to the right DLPFC or sham TMS. Left 10 Hz and right 1 Hz rTMS showed similar significant antidepressant effects. ...

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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex affects divided attention immediately after cessation of stimulation.Wagner M, Rihs TA, Mosimann UP, Fisch HU, Schlaepfer TE.J Psychiatr Res. 2006 Jun;40(4):315-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.06.001. Epub 2005 Aug 2.PMID: 16055155 Clinical Trial.Transcranial magnetic stimulation has evolved into a powerful neuroscientific tool allowing to interfere transiently with specific brain functions. In addition, repetitive TMS (rTMS) has long-term effects (e.g. on mood), probably mediated by neurochemical alterations. ...C …

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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex prevents short-latency saccade and vergence: a TMS study.Coubard OA, Kapoula Z.Cereb Cortex. 2006 Mar;16(3):425-36. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhi122. Epub 2005 Jun 15.PMID: 15958779 Clinical Trial.TMS over DLPFC influenced eye movement initiation but not their metrics. ...For convergence, TMS effects were mild: rightward TMS increased the proportion of short latencies but failed to shorten the group mean latency; leftward TMS influenced triggeri …

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The role of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in ocular motor behavior.Pierrot-Deseilligny Ch, Müri RM, Nyffeler T, Milea D.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Apr;1039:239-51. doi: 10.1196/annals.1325.023.PMID: 15826978The DLPFC also controls short-term spatial working memory involved in memory-guided saccades, as shown by lesion and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies. By contrast, medium-term spatial memory (after 25 s) may be controlled by the medial temporal cortex (MTC). …

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Left dorso-lateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation affects cortical excitability and functional connectivity, but does not impair cognition in major depression.Shajahan PM, Glabus MF, Steele JD, Doris AB, Anderson K, Jenkins JA, Gooding PA, Ebmeier KP.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jun;26(5):945-54. doi: 10.1016/s0278-5846(02)00210-5.PMID: 12369271PURPOSE: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used for over a decade to investigate cortical function. ...No noticeable deterioration in neuropsychological function was observed. CONCLUSION: TMS at the stimulation frequencies used seems to be safe over a …

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Cortico-cortical connectivity of the human mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex and its modulation by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.Paus T, Castro-Alamancos MA, Petrides M.Eur J Neurosci. 2001 Oct;14(8):1405-11. doi: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01757.x.PMID: 11703468This possibility was tested by applying rTMS to the left mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex (MDL-FC) and subsequently measuring functional connectivity of this region with positron emission tomography (PET) and TMS. The results showed a strong rTMS-related modulation of brain …

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The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and random generation of responses: studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation.Jahanshahi M, Dirnberger G.Neuropsychologia. 1999 Feb;37(2):181-90. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(98)00092-x.PMID: 10080375The aim of the present study was to further investigate the generality of this model by examining the effects of short trains of TMS over the left or right DLPFC or medial frontal cortex on random letter generation in healthy participants. TMS over the left DLPFC si …

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The effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on suppression of habitual counting during random number generation.Jahanshahi M, Profice P, Brown RG, Ridding MC, Dirnberger G, Rothwell JC.Brain. 1998 Aug;121 ( Pt 8):1533-44. doi: 10.1093/brain/121.8.1533.PMID: 9712014This differential effect of TMS over the left DLPFC on the balance of the subject's counting bias was not obtained with TMS over the right DLPFC or the medial frontal cortex. The results suggest that, with disruption of the left DLPFC with TMS, habitual count ….